Demand of children in Colombia : guessing or planning

El artículo analiza los determinantes de la presencia de hijos no deseados en Colombia. Se utiliza la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud (ENDS, 2005), específicamente para las mujeres de 40 años o más. Dadas las características especiales de la variable que se analiza, se utilizan modelos de conteo para verificar si determinadas características socioeconómicas como la educación o el estrato económico explican la presencia de hijos no deseados. Se encuentra que la educación de la mujer y el área de residencia son determinantes significativos de los nacimientos no planeados. Además, la relación negativa entre el número de hijos no deseados y la educación de la mujer arroja implicaciones clave en materia de política social.

A model of school behavior: tuition fees and grading standards

This paper uses a hybrid human capital / signaling model to study grading standards in schools when tuition fees are allowed. The paper analyzes the grading standard set by a profit maximizing school and compares it with the efficient one. The paper also studies grading standards when tuition fees have limits. When fees are regulated a profit maximizing school will set lower grading standards than when they are not regulated. Credit constraints of families also induce schools to lower their standards. Given that in the model presented competition is not feasible, these results show the importance of regulation of grading standards.

Doctors´ remuneration schemes and hospital competition in two-sided markets with common network externalities

This paper uses a two-sided market model of hospital competition to study the implications of di§erent remunerations schemes on the physiciansí side. The two-sided market approach is characterized by the concept of common network externality (CNE) introduced by Bardey et al. (2010). This type of externality occurs when occurs when both sides value, possibly with di§erent intensities, the same network externality. We explicitly introduce e§ort exerted by doctors. By increasing the number of medical acts (which involves a costly e§ort) the doctor can increase the quality of service o§ered to patients (over and above the level implied by the CNE). We Örst consider pure salary, capitation or fee-for-service schemes. Then, we study schemes that mix fee-for-service with either salary or capitation payments. We show that salary schemes (either pure or in combination with fee-for-service) are more patient friendly than (pure or mixed) capitations schemes. This comparison is exactly reversed on the providersíside. Quite surprisingly, patients always loose when a fee-for-service scheme is introduced (pure of mixed). This is true even though the fee-for-service is the only way to induce the providers to exert e§ort and it holds whatever the patientsívaluation of this e§ort. In other words, the increase in quality brought about by the fee-for-service is more than compensated by the increase in fees faced by patients.

Dynamic conditional correlation in Latin-American asset markets

In this paper we reviewed the models of volatility for a group of five Latin American countries, mainly motivated by the recent periods of financial turbulence. Our results based on high frequency data suggest that Dynamic multivariate models are more powerful to study the volatilities of asset returns than Constant Conditional Correlation models. For the group of countries included, we identified that domestic volatilities of asset markets have been increasing; but the co-volatility of the region is still moderate.

Echoes of the crises in Spain and US in the Colombian labor market : a differences-in-differences approach

This paper presents evidence of the effect of the recent phases of the business cycle in Spain and United States, proxied by their respective unemployment rates, on the labor market of Colombian cities with high migration tradition. These countries are the main destination for labor Colombian migrants. Using information from the household survey between 2006 and 2011 for urban areas in Colombia and a differences-in-differences approach we find that unemployment rates of those countries negatively affect the probability and the amount of remittances received by Colombian households living in areas with high and moderate migration tradition. At a second stage we provide evidence that unemployment rates of those countries positively affect the labor force participation decisions in Colombian regions with the highest migration tradition.

Efectos de la reforma laboral: ¿más trabajo y menos empleos?

La Reforma Laboral de 2002 apuntó a dos objetivos específicos: implementación de mecanismos de protección social y flexibilización laboral. En este documento se analizan algunos de sus efectos haciendo énfasis en la variación de las modalidades de contratación, los cambios en las horas de trabajo demandadas y los efectos en la duración del desempleo. De este análisis se concluye que la Reforma tuvo un efecto intensivo en generar mayor demanda de horas de trabajo pero que sólo tuvo un efecto marginal en la generación de empleo. Por otra parte, la duración del desempleo se redujo en el agregado.

El perfil de la informalidad laboral en Colombia

Este documento analiza el proceso de implementación del concepto de informalidad en el análisis del mercado laboral colombiano. A la luz de dicho concepto, abordamos la evolución de la informalidad laboral en Colombia, sus principales componentes y características. Utilizando información de la Encuesta de Hogares GEIH-DANE 2010 contrastamos la tasa de informalidad y su composición, generadas por la definición DANE-PREALC, contra dos definiciones (débil y fuerte), siendo esta última semejante a la sugerida por la CIET-Delhi. Nuestros resultados muestran que si bien la tasa de informalidad no parece modificarse en términos de su valor, su composición interna adquiere interesantes patrones, en su mayor parte derivados del hecho de que la definición CIET-Delhi enfatiza el análisis de la informalidad en el puesto de trabajo por encima del de informalidad por tamaño de establecimiento. Estas características plantean importantes cuestionamientos a la forma en que las políticas públicas han enfrentado la informalidad laboral en Colombia.

Energy saving innovations, non-exhaustible sources of energy and long-run: what would happen if we run out of oil?

We formulate and solve a model of factor saving technological improvement considering three factors of production: labor, capital and energy. The productive activities have three main characteristics: first, in order to use capital goods firms need energy; second, there are two sources of energy: non-exhaustible and exhaustible; third, capital goods can be of different qualities and the quality of these goods can be changed along two dimensions -reducing the need of energy or changing the source of energy used in the production process. The economy goes through three stages of development after industrialization. In the first, firms make use of exhaustible energy and the e¢ ciency in the use of energy is constant. In the second stage, as the price of energy grows the e¢ ciency in its use is increased. In the third stage, the price of exhaustible sources is so high that firms have incentives to use non-exhaustible sources of energy. During this stage the price of energy is constant. In this set up, the end of the oil age has level effects on consumption and output but it does not cause the collapse of the economic system.

Estratificación socioeconómica con base en información catastral. Modelos para el caso de Bogotá, D.C.

El artículo presenta diferentes alternativas a la estratificación socioeconómica de viviendas basados en información catastral para la ciudad de Bogotá, D.C., y evalúa su impacto en cuanto a cambios de estratos de los hogares, errores de inclusión y exclusión e impacto financiero, frente al esquema de estratificación implementado en la actualidad. El ejercicio se realiza desde dos perspectivas: una nacional, partiendo de resultados previos de DANE (2011) que relaciona información de la muestra cocensal 2005 con información catastral a nivel nacional; y una segunda toma al Distrito Capital aparte, utilizando directamente el avalúo catastral como variable básica de clasificación. Se explora adicionalmente la posibilidad de obtener un número de estratos óptimo de manera endógena, que resulta en esta oportunidad en nueve grupos.

Evidence of induced innovation in US Sectoral Capital’s Shares

We use annual data on capital’s share and relative factor prices from 35 US industries from 1960 to 2005 to test the induced innovation hypothesis. We derive, from a production function framework, testable implications for the effect of contemporaneous and lagged factor price ratios on capital’s share of production. The predicted effect is positive or negative depending on the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital. From panel regressions, the estimated effect of the contemporaneous factor price ratio implies an elasticity of substitution that is less than unity, consistent with the consensus from the literature. Based on this, our negative estimated effects for lagged price ratios are both statistically significant and consistent with the induced innovation hypothesis.

Factor shares at the sector level, Colombia 1990-2005

In general, empirical studies on economics rely on the assumption of constant capital share of income both at the aggregate level and at the sector level. However, there is no empirical evidence supporting the constancy of capital share at the sector level. In this paper, using Colombian data, we measure capital share for 48 sectors during the period 1990-2005. We also explore the relation between capital's share and factor prices and the behavior of capital share during the business cycle. The main results are the following: (i) capital share is not constant but, rather, has an increasing trend; (ii) capital shares growth rates positively correlate with sector value-added growth; (iii) the capital shares behave pro-cyclically; and (iv) there is a positive correlation between capital shares and real wages and a negative correlation between capital shares and interest rates. These results suggest that the usual assumption of constant factor shares is not accurate.

Gender differences in time allocation of poor children in Colombia

This paper studies the effect of credit constraints and constraints on transfers between parents and children, on differences in labor and schooling across children within the same household, with an application to gender. When families are unconstrained in these respects, differences in labor supply or education are driven by differences in wages or returns to education. If the family faces an imperfect capital market, the labor supply of each child is inefficient, but differences across children are still driven by comparative advantage. However, if interfamily transfers are constrained so that parents cannot offset inequality between their children, they will favor the human capital accumulation of the more disadvantaged child -generally the one who works more as a child. We use our theory to examine the gender gap in child labor. Using a sample of poor families in Colombia, we conform our predictions among rural households, although this is less clear for urban households. The gender gap is largely explained by the wage gap between girls and boys. Moreover, families with the potential to make capital transfers to adult children (e.g. those with large animals), can compensate adult sons for their greater child labor and reduced educational attainment. In such families, as predicted, the male/female labor gap is greater.

Hitos del conflicto y riesgo país

Este trabajo estudia el efecto que tienen los hitos recientes del conflicto armado en el riesgo país de Colombia. Para este fin se utilizan las permutas de incumplimiento crediticio, más conocidas en el mundo de las finanzas por su nombre y sigla en inglés: Credit Default Swaps, CDS. Estos instrumentos financieros son en la práctica seguros de riesgo soberano y por lo tanto su precio refleja la percepción del mercado acerca de la probabilidad de repudio de la deuda soberana. El trabajo evalúa el componente no explicado del precio del CDS colombiano en los días posteriores a cada hito del conflicto armado, y lo contrasta con el componente no explicado de un precio contrafactual sintético, construido con base en los CDS de otros países de la región.

If factor shares are not constant then we have a measurment problem. can we solve it?

Recent evidence show that factor shares, if properly measured, are far from constant. Moreover, the shares of natural resources and raw labor seem to be negatively correlated with income per capita while the share of human and physical capital is positively correlated with income per capita. Now, if factor shares are not constant then (i) growth accounting exercises rely on a false assumption and (ii) there is a measurement problem. The effect that change s in factor shares ha ve on output depend on the relative abundance of factors and, fo r this reason, it is necessary to have correct measures. We propose an empiri cal methodology to solve the measurement issue and estimate TFP growth.

Acción colectiva y políticas públicas

El presente documento hace una revisión de la literatura reciente (últimos 15 años) que vincula la acción colectiva con las políticas públicas. En particular se observan dos tendencias, de un lado, la defensa a la lógica de la acción colectiva señalando el tipo de incentivos que se deben crear para propiciar la cooperación y eventualmente tener resultados de políticas públicas, y aquellos que piensan que la acción colectiva depende de elementos psicológicos y sociales que no siempre garantizan una cooperación constante y que dificultan predecir lo que puede suceder en términos de políticas públicas. Al final se concluye que, si bien la lógica de la acción colectiva contribuye al análisis de las políticas públicas, aún falta un mejor entendimiento de las razones que motivan o frenan la cooperación y la manera como esta se construye en función de un problema colectivo que se puede o no convertirse en una política pública.