8 resultados para TOBACCO-ALCOHOL AMBLYOPIA

em Universitat de Girona, Spain


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El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar las creencias de los estudiantes universitarios respecto a la dureza de diez drogas: anfetaminas, café, heroína, barbitúricos, marihuana, ansiolíticos, tabaco, alcohol, cocaína y té. Ciento cincuenta y cinco estudiantes de Psicología debían indicar si creían que estas sustancias eran o no drogas duras. Los resultados indican que aunque existe consenso a la hora de clasificar como drogas duras a la heroína y la cocaína y como drogas blandas al tabaco, el café y el té, no existe acuerdo respecto a la clasificación de las otras sustancias. Asimismo se observa que aunque la OMS clasifica el alcohol como una droga altamente peligrosa, menos de la mitad de sujetos lo consideran una droga dura. En general los sujetos tienden a considerar las drogas legales como menos duras independientemente de si los efectos nocivos para la salud. Estos resultados adquieren relevancia cuando lo que se pone en juego es la fiabilidad y validez de los datos obtenidos en diferentes investigaciones que utilizan habitualmente esos conceptos

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The aim of this research is to know the training of health professionals in health promotion and disease prevention, and to examine its manifestation among the actions and interventions for prevention of tobacco, alcohol or cannabis consumption. The sample includes 225 professionals. The study used a self-made design of quantitative methodology (survey study). The most important results are: the formative limitations in health education and prevention of substance use and the fact that professionals who have received specific training in substance use tap more health education as a prevention tool in their daily activities. It is also noted that 80% of professionals believe they should improve quality training, and 67% quantity, always in relation to the tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use. Generally, the overload care and the lack of time are cited as factors preventing the health education activities. Finally, the study also shows that secondary prevention activities are the most used, while community interventions are underutilized by professionals.

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This analysis was stimulated by the real data analysis problem of household expenditure data. The full dataset contains expenditure data for a sample of 1224 households. The expenditure is broken down at 2 hierarchical levels: 9 major levels (e.g. housing, food, utilities etc.) and 92 minor levels. There are also 5 factors and 5 covariates at the household level. Not surprisingly, there are a small number of zeros at the major level, but many zeros at the minor level. The question is how best to model the zeros. Clearly, models that try to add a small amount to the zero terms are not appropriate in general as at least some of the zeros are clearly structural, e.g. alcohol/tobacco for households that are teetotal. The key question then is how to build suitable conditional models. For example, is the sub-composition of spending excluding alcohol/tobacco similar for teetotal and non-teetotal households? In other words, we are looking for sub-compositional independence. Also, what determines whether a household is teetotal? Can we assume that it is independent of the composition? In general, whether teetotal will clearly depend on the household level variables, so we need to be able to model this dependence. The other tricky question is that with zeros on more than one component, we need to be able to model dependence and independence of zeros on the different components. Lastly, while some zeros are structural, others may not be, for example, for expenditure on durables, it may be chance as to whether a particular household spends money on durables within the sample period. This would clearly be distinguishable if we had longitudinal data, but may still be distinguishable by looking at the distribution, on the assumption that random zeros will usually be for situations where any non-zero expenditure is not small. While this analysis is based on around economic data, the ideas carry over to many other situations, including geological data, where minerals may be missing for structural reasons (similar to alcohol), or missing because they occur only in random regions which may be missed in a sample (similar to the durables)

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One area which has been largely neglected when studying the acquisition of addiction to smoking with the transtheoretical model is whether the individual had previously experimented with smoking. The importance of including the experimentation variable was supported by this research

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Este estudio analiza los patrones de consumo de alcohol y el papel de la influencia social y la percepción de peligrosidad de esta sustancia en dicho consumo en una muestra de 1.624 estudiantes de Secundaria de Girona con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años (49,4% chicos). Los resultados muestran que un 20,9% de los adolescentes se consideran consumidores habituales de alcohol, y que el consumo se incrementa con la edad, independientemente del género. Un porcentaje elevado de consumidores supera el umbral de alto riesgo para la salud, principalmente entre las chicas debido a las diferencias de género en la metabolización alcohólica. Asimismo se confirma la influencia del entorno (amigos y familiares) y de la percepción de peligrosidad del alcohol tanto en el consumo de esta sustancia como en su uso de alto riesgo. Alcohol consumption patterns in adolescence

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L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi és conèixer la prevalença i el patró de consum d’alcohol d’una mostra de 2,137 estudiants de la Universitat de Girona (17-35 anys). S’utilitzà un disseny multimètode integrant la metodologia quantitativa (estudi d’enquesta) amb la metodología qualitativa (grups focals). Un 65% dels joves són consumidors habituals d’alcohol. La influència social de pares, germans i amics és una variable crucial en la iniciació i manteniment del consum d’aquesta droga. El consum habitual és més freqüent entre aquells que van experimentar més precoçment amb la substància. Entre els homes és més habitual el consum massiu, però més dones efectuen consums considerats d’alt risc. Els joves reconeixen algunes repercussions socials de l’abús de l’alcohol però no en perceben per a la salut física. Aquests resultats mostren la necessitat de: endarrerir l’edat de primera experimentació, informar del risc del consum d’alcohol i fomentar un oci nocturn alternatiu i saludable.

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S'han estudiat 1003 pacients amb el diagnòstic de Malaltia Vascular Cerebral (MVC) aguda ingressats a la unitat de neurologia de l'Hospital Josep Trueta de Girona en el període de gener de 2005 a juliol de 2007. S'ha realitzat un estudi de cohorts prospectiu d'un any en 110 pacients que eren fumadors en el moment de l'ictus. Un elevat percentatge dels pacients afectats de MVC aguda presenten factors de risc vascular que es poden evitar com el consum de tabac o d'alcohol, i factors de risc vascular que cal controlar com la hipertensió, la dislipèmia, la diabetis o la cardiopatia. Només 4 de cada 10 pacients fumadors diagnosticats d'ictus havien abandonat l'hàbit un any després de presentar la MVC aguda. Les variables que millor prediuen la cessació tabàquica en aquests pacients són la localització de la lesió a l'ínsula cerebral i la intenció de deixar de fumar prèvia a l'ictus.