8 resultados para Ponto de carga zero
em Universitat de Girona, Spain
Resumo:
One of the tantalising remaining problems in compositional data analysis lies in how to deal with data sets in which there are components which are essential zeros. By an essential zero we mean a component which is truly zero, not something recorded as zero simply because the experimental design or the measuring instrument has not been sufficiently sensitive to detect a trace of the part. Such essential zeros occur in many compositional situations, such as household budget patterns, time budgets, palaeontological zonation studies, ecological abundance studies. Devices such as nonzero replacement and amalgamation are almost invariably ad hoc and unsuccessful in such situations. From consideration of such examples it seems sensible to build up a model in two stages, the first determining where the zeros will occur and the second how the unit available is distributed among the non-zero parts. In this paper we suggest two such models, an independent binomial conditional logistic normal model and a hierarchical dependent binomial conditional logistic normal model. The compositional data in such modelling consist of an incidence matrix and a conditional compositional matrix. Interesting statistical problems arise, such as the question of estimability of parameters, the nature of the computational process for the estimation of both the incidence and compositional parameters caused by the complexity of the subcompositional structure, the formation of meaningful hypotheses, and the devising of suitable testing methodology within a lattice of such essential zero-compositional hypotheses. The methodology is illustrated by application to both simulated and real compositional data
Resumo:
The application of compositional data analysis through log ratio trans- formations corresponds to a multinomial logit model for the shares themselves. This model is characterized by the property of Independence of Irrelevant Alter- natives (IIA). IIA states that the odds ratio in this case the ratio of shares is invariant to the addition or deletion of outcomes to the problem. It is exactly this invariance of the ratio that underlies the commonly used zero replacement procedure in compositional data analysis. In this paper we investigate using the nested logit model that does not embody IIA and an associated zero replacement procedure and compare its performance with that of the more usual approach of using the multinomial logit model. Our comparisons exploit a data set that com- bines voting data by electoral division with corresponding census data for each division for the 2001 Federal election in Australia
Resumo:
There is almost not a case in exploration geology, where the studied data doesn’t includes below detection limits and/or zero values, and since most of the geological data responds to lognormal distributions, these “zero data” represent a mathematical challenge for the interpretation. We need to start by recognizing that there are zero values in geology. For example the amount of quartz in a foyaite (nepheline syenite) is zero, since quartz cannot co-exists with nepheline. Another common essential zero is a North azimuth, however we can always change that zero for the value of 360°. These are known as “Essential zeros”, but what can we do with “Rounded zeros” that are the result of below the detection limit of the equipment? Amalgamation, e.g. adding Na2O and K2O, as total alkalis is a solution, but sometimes we need to differentiate between a sodic and a potassic alteration. Pre-classification into groups requires a good knowledge of the distribution of the data and the geochemical characteristics of the groups which is not always available. Considering the zero values equal to the limit of detection of the used equipment will generate spurious distributions, especially in ternary diagrams. Same situation will occur if we replace the zero values by a small amount using non-parametric or parametric techniques (imputation). The method that we are proposing takes into consideration the well known relationships between some elements. For example, in copper porphyry deposits, there is always a good direct correlation between the copper values and the molybdenum ones, but while copper will always be above the limit of detection, many of the molybdenum values will be “rounded zeros”. So, we will take the lower quartile of the real molybdenum values and establish a regression equation with copper, and then we will estimate the “rounded” zero values of molybdenum by their corresponding copper values. The method could be applied to any type of data, provided we establish first their correlation dependency. One of the main advantages of this method is that we do not obtain a fixed value for the “rounded zeros”, but one that depends on the value of the other variable. Key words: compositional data analysis, treatment of zeros, essential zeros, rounded zeros, correlation dependency
Resumo:
The log-ratio methodology makes available powerful tools for analyzing compositional data. Nevertheless, the use of this methodology is only possible for those data sets without null values. Consequently, in those data sets where the zeros are present, a previous treatment becomes necessary. Last advances in the treatment of compositional zeros have been centered especially in the zeros of structural nature and in the rounded zeros. These tools do not contemplate the particular case of count compositional data sets with null values. In this work we deal with \count zeros" and we introduce a treatment based on a mixed Bayesian-multiplicative estimation. We use the Dirichlet probability distribution as a prior and we estimate the posterior probabilities. Then we apply a multiplicative modi¯cation for the non-zero values. We present a case study where this new methodology is applied. Key words: count data, multiplicative replacement, composition, log-ratio analysis
Resumo:
La creación de un Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior no se restringe al ámbito de la organización de los títulos sino que pretende además superar el actual planteamiento docente universitario, conectándolo con las competencias, es decir las habilidades, destrezas, capacidades y actitudes que necesita cada profesional. Cuando el estudiante actual finaliza sus estudios debe acreditar unas cualidades no potenciadas directamente en su periodo universitario. Este tipo de competencias transversales son intrínsecas a la personalidad del individuo y lo dotan para afrontar diferentes situaciones y ser capaz de solventarlas. Así, parece lógica una revisión del sistema de enseñanza, tomando como origen de la misma su objetivo, el aprendizaje. Por otra parte el EEES también plantea una organización de las metodologías y actividades formativas, tanto presenciales como no, de modo que el estudiante medio desarrolle una carga de trabajo lógica y proporcionada al tiempo disponible. Uno de los retos que plantea este nuevo sistema es el de conseguir métodos de enseñanza ajustados al tiempo disponible, de modo que el estudiante medio pueda alcanzar los objetivos fijados. Entre estos objetivos debe estar el de aproximar la duración real de los estudios y su duración teórica. La herramienta de trabajo propuesta por el EEES es el crédito ECTS (European Credit Transfer System). El valor de un crédito ECTS es de 25 a 30 horas de trabajo global del alumno, considerándose que en un curso académico (60 créditos ECTS) el alumno debe emplear de 1500 a 1800 horas de trabajo. Con el objeto de cuantificar la carga de trabajo del alumno se realizaron encuestas en todas las titulaciones de la Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica Civil (EUITC). Se pretendía obtener la documentación necesaria para conocer si el tiempo que emplea un alumno para superar una asignatura de los planes de estudio actuales está dentro de los valores que el EEES ha previsto. El objetivo de este artículo es comparar los resultados obtenidos y establecer debilidades y fortalezas de las nuevas metodologías de enseñanza. Los resultados han mostrado que la planificación de la carga de trabajo del alumno es actualmente inexistente y que la ausencia de coordinación entre las diversas asignaturas que configuran una materia da lugar a un desarrollo incompleto de las competencias que debe asimilar el alumno. Esto da lugar a que el número de horas totales para superar un curso sea de media, entre un 18,33% y un 42,01% superiores a lo que el EEES establece
Resumo:
This paper focus on the problem of locating single-phase faults in mixed distribution electric systems, with overhead lines and underground cables, using voltage and current measurements at the sending-end and sequence model of the network. Since calculating series impedance for underground cables is not as simple as in the case of overhead lines, the paper proposes a methodology to obtain an estimation of zero-sequence impedance of underground cables starting from previous single-faults occurred in the system, in which an electric arc occurred at the fault location. For this reason, the signal is previously pretreated to eliminate its peaks voltage and the analysis can be done working with a signal as close as a sinus wave as possible
Resumo:
Uno de los aspectos a considerar en la adaptación de las asignaturas al EEES es el cálculo de la carga de trabajo que debe realizar el alumnado. El ECTS es la unidad de valoración de la actividad académica que realiza el estudiante, no el profesor, e integra estudios teóricos y prácticos, actividades académicas dirigidas y el trabajo personal del estudiante. El presente trabajo trata de analizar la carga de trabajo de distintas actividades que forman parte de la evaluación continua de una asignatura y de cómo la mejora de dicha carga puede repercutir sobre los resultados académicos a lo largo de tres cursos sucesivos
Resumo:
En este trabajo se ha estudiado el potencial tanto los filamentos de cáñamo como de la cañamiza como refuerzo/carga del polipropileno. La modificación de estos materiales se realiza para lograr una mayor compatibilidad con la matriz polimérica. Se evaluaron las propiedades mecánicas de las resistencias a tracción e impacto, de los materiales compuestos reforzados tanto de filamento como de cañamiza. Los filamentos de cáñamo poseen suficiente capacidad de refuerzo en los materiales compuestos basado en polipropileno debido a sus propiedades intrínsecas, siendo una buena alternativa como material de refuerzo. Así, la adición de MAPP (polipropileno modificado con anhídrido maleico) conduce a materiales compuestos con unas resistencias a tracción de hasta el 70% de las que se obtienen con compuestos de PP reforzados con fibra de vidrio. Mientras que la cañamiza ha actuado como una carga en la matriz, incrementado significativamente la rigidez de los materiales compuestos.