Effect of magnesium sulphate and L-tryptophan and genotype on the feed intake, behaviour and meat quality of pigs

Sixty-nine entire male pigs with different halothane genotype (homozygous halothane positive – nn-, n=36; and homozygous halothane negative – NN-, n=33) were fed with a supplementation of magnesium sulphate (Mg) and/or L-tryptophan (Trp) in the diet for 5 days before slaughter. Animals were housed individually and were submitted to stressful ante mortem conditions (mixed in the lorry according to treatments and transported 1h on rough roads). Individual feed intake was recorded during the 5-day treatment. At the abattoir, pig behaviour was assessed in the raceway to the stunning system and during the stunning period by exposure to CO2. Muscle pH, colour, water holding capacity, texture and cathepsin activities were determined to assess meat quality. The number of pigs with an individual feed intake lower than 2kg/day was significantly different among diets (P<0.05; Control: 8.7%; Mg&Trp: 43.5%; Trp: 17.4%) and they were considered to have inadequate supplement intake. During the ante mortem period, 15.2% of pigs included in the experiment died, and this percentage decreased to 8.7% in those pigs with a feed intake > 2kg/day, all of them from the stress-sensitive pigs (nn). In general, no differences were observed in the behaviour of pigs along the corridor leading to the stunning system and inside the CO2 stunning system. During the stunning procedure, Trp diet showed shorter periods of muscular excitation than control and Mg&Trp diets. The combination of a stressful ante mortem treatment and Mg&Trp supplementation led to carcasses with high incidence of severe skin lesions. Different meat quality results were found when considering all pigs or considering only those with adequate supplement intake. In this later case, Trp increased pH45 (6.15) vs Control diet (5.96) in the Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle (P<0.05) and pH at 24h (Trp: 5.59 vs C: 5.47) led to a higher incidence of dark, firm and dry (DFD) traits in SM muscle (P<0.05). Genotype affected negatively all the meat quality traits. Seventy-five percent of LT and 60.0% of the SM muscles from nn pigs were classified as pale, soft and exudative (PSE), while none of the NN pigs showed these traits (P<0.0001). No significant differences were found between genotypes on the incidence of DFD meat. Due to the negative effects observed in the Mg&Trp group in feed intake and carcass quality, the utilization of a mixture of magnesium sulphate and tryptophan is not recommended

Effect of supplementation with MgCO3 and L-tryptophan on the welfare and on the carcass and meat quality of two halothane pig genotypes (NN and nn)

Sixty-one animals with different Halothane genes (homozygous halothane positive, n=34; and homozygous halothane negative, n=27) were fed with three diets (controlgroup, with no supplement; magnesium (Mg) group with 1.28g MgCO3/kg and tryptophan (Trp) group with 5g L-Trp/kg) during the last 5 days before slaughter. Animals were submitted to minimal stress ante mortem conditions. Pig behaviour was recorded at the experimental farm, raceway to the CO2 stunning system and during the stunning period. Corneal reflexes were recorded after stunning as well. There were no differences in feed intake among diets (p>0.05) during the 5 days of treatment. The halothane positive (nn) group had lower intake than the halothane negative (NN) group (p<0.01). The behaviour of the pigs in the raceway did not differ (p>0.05) among treatments or halothane genotype. A significant (p<0.001) interaction diet*halothane was found in the time to appear the first retreat attempt during the exposure to the CO2 system. In the nn group, the time of performing the first retreat attempt was later in the Mg (p<0.05) than the Control group. Moreover, in the Mg group, the nn had a later (p<0.05) first retreat attempt than the NN. Thus, Mg supplementation could have a positive effect on welfare of nn pigs. The nn had a lower proportion of animals that showed corneal reflexes after stunning than NN, indicating a higher effectiveness of the stunning method in nn pigs. Neither Mg nor Trp affected carcass quality and meat quality parameters, although significant differences were found between genotypes

Estudio de otros compuestos relacionados con la presencia de olor sexual no atribuible al escatol y a la 5@-Androst-16-en-3-ona en grasa dorsal de cerdo

En el presente trabajo de tesis se evalúa la posible contribución de otros compuestos al desarrollo del olor sexual mediante la aplicación de técnicas de Head Space dinámico y cromatografía de filtración de gel. El estudio se efectuó en canales de cerdos enteros previamente clasificadas con concentraciónes bajas de escatol (<0,10 µg /g) y androstenona (0,50 µg/ g) , aunque presentaban , según las respuestas de un panel sensorial, olor sexual. La selección de muestras de grasa clasificadas sin olor sexual permitió la comparación estadística de los resultados obtenidos. El análisis de los compuestos volátiles mostró una mayor abundancia de aldehidos (hexanal, heptanal), ácidos grasos de cadena corta (hexanoico, heptanico nonanoico), 1,4-diclorobenceno y estireno en las muestras de grasa con defecto organoléptico, ue puede, debido a los atributos sensoriales de estas sustancias y sus bajos umbrales de detección, favorecer el desarrollo de aromas desagradables asociados al olor sexual por los miembros de un papel sensorial. El análisis de las fracciones obtenidas por filtración de gel mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a la espectometría de masas permitió la identificación de la 4-fenil-3-buten-2-ona en las muestras clasificadas con olor sexual y concentraciones bajas de escatol y androstenona, que junto a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio sensorial, indican una influencia de este compuesto en el olor sexual. Por una parte la 4-fenil-3-buten-2-ona presentaría una acción sinérgica con la androstenona al potenciar su detección por parte de los panelistas a concentraciones inferiores de 0,01µg/g. Además, el olor a naftalina que presenta la 4-fenil-3-buten-2-ona puede confundir a los miembros del panel debido a que es uno de los descriptores sensoriales que se asocia con la presencia de escatol en las muestras de grasa evaluadas. Así mismo, la baja transferencia a la fase vapor del escatol y, especialmente, de la androstenona determinada mediante técnicas de Head Space estático, indica que la concentración de cada uno de los compuestos en la fase vapor no se corresponde con la concentración real en las muestras de grasa . Según estos resultados, las respuestas del panel test pueden estar influenciadas por la poca volatilidad de los compuestos implicados en el olor sexual y por la presencia en la fase vapor de otros compuestos aromáticos de mayor volatilidad. La validación de métodos de análisis para la determinación de indol-escatol y androstenona-androstenoles en grasa dorsal porcina mediante cromatografía líquida en fase normal y cromatografía de gases acoplada a la espectrometría de masas, respectivamente, fue otro de los objetivos planteados del presente estudio. La simplificación del tratamiento de las muestras de grasa fue uno de los aspectos analíticos que se tuvo en mayor consideración con la finalidad de ofrecer una mayor capacidad de muestras en un intervalo de tiempo corto.