Precision laser spectroscopy of the ground state hyperfine splitting of hydrogenlike ^209 Bi^82+

The first direct observation of a hyperfine splitting in the optical regime is reported. The wavelength of the M1 transition between the F = 4 and F = 5 hyperfine levels of the ground state of hydrogenlike ^209 Bi^82+ was measured to be \lamda_0 = 243.87(4) nm by detection of laser induced fluorescence at the heavy-ion storage ring ESR at GSI. In addition, the lifetime of the laser excited F = 5 sublevel was determined to be \tau_0 = 0.351(16) ms. The method can be applied to a number of other nuclei and should allow a novel test of QED corrections in the previously unexplored combination of strong magnetic and electric fields in highly charged ions.

Optimization of the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Tunable Optical Sensor Arrays (TOSA) for a Nanospectrometer in the Visible and Near Infrared Spectral Range

Tunable Optical Sensor Arrays (TOSA) based on Fabry-Pérot (FP) filters, for high quality spectroscopic applications in the visible and near infrared spectral range are investigated within this work. The optical performance of the FP filters is improved by using ion beam sputtered niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) as mirrors. Due to their high refractive index contrast, only a few alternating pairs of Nb2O5 and SiO2 films can achieve DBRs with high reflectivity in a wide spectral range, while ion beam sputter deposition (IBSD) is utilized due to its ability to produce films with high optical purity. However, IBSD films are highly stressed; resulting in stress induced mirror curvature and suspension bending in the free standing filter suspensions of the MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) FP filters. Stress induced mirror curvature results in filter transmission line degradation, while suspension bending results in high required filter tuning voltages. Moreover, stress induced suspension bending results in higher order mode filter operation which in turn degrades the optical resolution of the filter. Therefore, the deposition process is optimized to achieve both near zero absorption and low residual stress. High energy ion bombardment during film deposition is utilized to reduce the film density, and hence the film compressive stress. Utilizing this technique, the compressive stress of Nb2O5 is reduced by ~43%, while that for SiO2 is reduced by ~40%. Filters fabricated with stress reduced films show curvatures as low as 100 nm for 70 μm mirrors. To reduce the stress induced bending in the free standing filter suspensions, a stress optimized multi-layer suspension design is presented; with a tensile stressed metal sandwiched between two compressively stressed films. The stress in Physical Vapor Deposited (PVD) metals is therefore characterized for use as filter top-electrode and stress compensating layer. Surface micromachining is used to fabricate tunable FP filters in the visible spectral range using the above mentioned design. The upward bending of the suspensions is reduced from several micrometers to less than 100 nm and 250 nm for two different suspension layer combinations. Mechanical tuning of up to 188 nm is obtained by applying 40 V of actuation voltage. Alternatively, a filter line with transmission of 65.5%, Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of 10.5 nm and a stopband of 170 nm (at an output wavelength of 594 nm) is achieved. Numerical model simulations are also performed to study the validity of the stress optimized suspension design for the near infrared spectral range, wherein membrane displacement and suspension deformation due to material residual stress is studied. Two bandpass filter designs based on quarter-wave and non-quarter-wave layers are presented as integral components of the TOSA. With a filter passband of 135 nm and a broad stopband of over 650 nm, high average filter transmission of 88% is achieved inside the passband, while maximum filter transmission of less than 1.6% outside the passband is achieved.

GaInAsP-basierende Resonatorstrukturen

Physikalische Grundlagenforschung und anwendungsorientierte physikalische Forschung auf den Gebieten nanoskaliger kristalliner und amorpher fester Körper haben in vielfacher Weise eine große Bedeutung. Neben dem Verständnis für die Struktur der Materie und die Wechselwirkung von Objekten von der Größe einiger Atome ist die Erkenntnis über die physikalischen Eigenschaften nanostrukturierter Systeme von hohem Interesse. Diese Forschung eröffnet die Möglichkeit, die mit der Mikroelektronik begonnene Miniaturisierung fortzusetzen und wird darüber hinaus neue Anwendungsfelder eröffnen. Das Erarbeiten der physikalischen Grundlagen der Methoden zur Herstellung und Strukturierung ist dabei zwingend notwendig, da hier Wirkungsprinzipien dominieren, die erst bei Strukturgrößen im Nanometerbereich auftreten oder hinreichend stark ausgeprägt sind. Insbesondere Halbleitermaterialien sind hier von großem Interesse. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Resonatorstrukturen, die auf dem kristallinen Verbindungshalbleitermaterial GaInAsP/InP basieren, erschließen wichtige Anwendungsfelder im Bereich der optischen Datenübertragung sowie der optischen Sensorik. Hergestellt wird das Halbleitermaterial mit der Metallorganischen Gasphasenepitaxie. Die experimentell besimmten Kenngrößen lassen Rückschlüsse auf die Güte der Materialien, die quantenmechanischen Wirkungsprinzipien und die Bauelementcharakteristik zu und führen zu optimal angepassten Kristallstrukturen. Auf Basis dieser optimierten Materialien wurde ein durchstimmbarer Fabry-Perot-Filter hergestellt, der aus einer Kombination aus InP-Membranen und Luftspalten besteht und elektromechanisch aktuiert werden kann. Das GaInAsP dient hierbei als wenige hundert nm dicke Opferschicht, die ätztechnisch hochselektiv beseitigt wird. Die Qualität der Grenzflächen zum InP ist entscheidend für die Qualität der freigeätzten Kavitäten und damit für die mechanische Gesamtstabilität der Struktur. Der in dieser Arbeit beschriebene Filter hat eine Zentralwellenlänge im Bereich von 1550 nm und weist einen Durchstimmbereich von 221 nm auf. Erzielt wurde dieser Wert durch ein konsistentes Modell der wirkenden Verspannungskomponenten und einer optimierten epitaktischen Kontrolle der Verspannungsparameter. Das realisierte Filterbauelement ist vielversprechend für den Einsatz in der optischen Kommunikation im Bereich von WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) Anwendungen. Als weitere Resonatorstrukur wurde ein Asymmetrisch gekoppelter Quantenfilm als optisch aktives Medium, bestehend aus GaInAsP mit variierender Materialkomposition und Verspannung, untersucht, um sein Potential für eine breitbandige Emission zu untersuchen und mit bekannten Modellen zu vergleichen. Als Bauelementdesign wurde eine kantenemittierende Superlumineszenzleuchtdiode gewählt. Das Ergebnis ist eine Emissionskurve von 100 nm, die eine höhere Unabhängigkeit vom Injektionsstrom aufweist als andere bekannte Konzepte. Die quantenmechanischen Wirkungsprinzipien - im wesentlichen die Kopplung der beiden asymmetrischen Potentialtöpfe und die damit verbundene Kopplung der Wellenfunktionen - werden qualitativ diskutiert. Insgesamt bestätigt sich die Eignung des Materials GaInAsP auch für neuartige, qualitativ höchst anspruchsvolle Resonatorstrukturen und die Bedeutung der vorgestellten und untersuchten Resonatorkonzepte. Die vorgestellten Methoden, Materialien und Bauelemente liefern aufgrund ihrer Konzeption und der eingehenden experimentellen Untersuchungen einen Beitrag sowohl zu den zugrunde liegenden mechanischen, optoelektronischen und quantenmechanischen Wirkungsprinzipien der Strukturen, als auch zur Realisierung neuer optoelektronischer Bauelemente.

Mikromechanisch durchstimmbare, dielektrische Fabry-Pérot-Filter im nahen Infrarot-Bereich: Konzept, Herstellung und Charakterisierung

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Herstellung und Charakterisierung mikromechanisch durchstimmbarer, dielektrischer Fabry-Pérot-Filter im nahen Infrarot-Bereich bei einer Zentralwellenlänge von λc = 950 nm. Diese Bauelemente wurden auf Basis kostengünstiger Technologien realisiert, dank deren Entwicklung extreme Miniaturisierung und gleichzeitig hohe spektrale Anforderungen möglich sind. Der Vorteil solcher Filter liegt darin, dass sie direkt in einen Photodetektor integriert werden können und mit ganz wenigen Komponenten zu einem kompakten Spektrometermodul zusammengesetzt werden können. Die Baugröße ist nur durch die Größe des Photodetektors limitiert und die gesamte Intensität des einfallenden Lichts kann vorteilhaft auf eine einzelne Filtermembran des Fabry-Pérot-Filters fokussiert werden. Für den Filteraufbau werden zwei hochreflektierende, dielektrische DBR-Spiegel, ein organisches Opferschichtmaterial, welches zur Erzeugung einer Luftkavität im Filter dient, und zwei unterschiedliche Elektroden aus ITO und Aluminium verwendet. Die mikromechanische Auslenkung der freigelegten Filtermembran geschieht mittels elektrostatischer Aktuation, wobei auf diese Weise die Kavitätshöhe des Fabry-Pérot-Filters geändert wird und somit dieser im erforderlichen Spektralbereich optisch durchgestimmt wird. Das in dieser Arbeit gewählte Filterkonzept stellt eine Weiterentwicklung eines bereits bestehenden Filterkonzepts für den sichtbaren Spektralbereich dar. Zum Einen wurden in dieser Arbeit das vertikale und das laterale Design der Filterstrukturen geändert. Eine entscheidende Änderung lag im mikromechanisch beweglichen Teil des Fabry-Pérot-Filters. Dieser schließt den oberen DBR-Spiegel und ein aus dielektrischen Schichten und der oberen Aluminium-Elektrode bestehendes Membranhaltesystem ein, welches später durch Entfernung der Opferschicht freigelegt wird. Die Fläche des DBR-Spiegels wurde auf die Fläche der Filtermembran reduziert und auf dem Membranhaltesystem positioniert. Zum Anderen wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit der vertikale Schichtaufbau des Membranhaltesystems variiert und der Einfluss der gewählten Materialien auf die Krümmung der freistehenden Filterstrukturen, auf das Aktuationsverhalten und auf die spektralen Eigenschaften des gesamten Filters untersucht. Der Einfluss der mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Materialien spielt nämlich eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Erhaltung der erforderlichen optischen Eigenschaften des gesamten Filters. Bevor Fabry-Pérot-Filter ausgeführt wurden, wurde die mechanische Spannung in den einzelnen Materialien des Membranhaltesystems bestimmt. Für die Messung wurde Substratkrümmungsmethode angewendet. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Plasmaanregungsfrequenzen der plasmaunterstützten chemischen Gasphasenabscheidung bei einer Prozesstemperatur von 120 °C die mechanische Spannung von Si3N4 enorm beeinflussen. Diese Ergebnisse wurden im Membranhaltesystem umgesetzt, wobei verschiedene Filter mit unterschiedlichen mechanischen Eigenschaften des Membranhaltesystems gezeigt wurden. Darüber hinaus wurden optische Eigenschaften der Filter unter dem Einfluss des lateralen Designs der Filterstrukturen untersucht. Bei den realisierten Filtern wurden ein optischer Durchstimmbereich von ca. 70 nm und eine spektrale Auflösung von 5 nm erreicht. Die erreichte Intensität der Transmissionslinie liegt bei 45-60%. Diese Parameter haben für den späteren spektroskopischen Einsatz der realisierten Fabry-Pérot-Filter eine hohe Bedeutung. Die Anwendung soll erstmalig in einem „Proof of Concept“ stattfinden, wobei damit die Oberflächentemperatur eines GaAs-Wafers über die Messung der spektralen Lage seiner Bandlücke bestimmt werden kann.

Metallische Nanopartikel auf Quarz

This work presents the developement of an chemically stable and easy to produce in situ sensor for fast and reliable detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in low nanomolar concentrations. Metallic nanoparticles on dielectric substrates werde used for the rst time with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in combination with shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS). The preparation of the metallic nanoparticle ensembles with Volmer-Webergrowth is described first. The nanoparticles are characterized with both, optical spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The morphological properties of the nanoparticle ensembles are de ned by the mean axial ratio (a/b) and the mean equivalent radius (R Äq), respectively. The prepared and characterized nanoparticles were then used for intensive Raman spectroscopy measurements. Two sophisticated diode laser systems were used in cooperation with the TU Berlin, to carry out these experiments. The first step was to establish the ideal combination of excitation wavelength of the diode laser and the maximum of the surface plasmon resonance of the nanoparticle ensembles. From these results it was deduced, that for an optimum Raman signal the plasmon resonance maximum of the nanoparticle ensemble has to be red-shifted a few nanometeres in respect to the excitation wavelength. Different PAHs werde detected in concentrations of only 2 and 0.5 nmol/, respectively. Furthermore, the obtained results show an excellent reproducability. In addition the time dependence of the Raman signal intensity was investigated. The results of these measurements show, that only 2 minutes after placing the substrates in the molecular solution, a detectable Raman signal was generated. The maximum Raman signal, i.e. the time in which the molecular adsorption process is finished, was determined to about 10 minutes. In summary it was shown, that the used metallic nanoparticle ensembles are highly usable as substrates for SERS in combination with SERDS to detect PAHs in low nanomolar concentrations.

Statistical evaluation of texture analysis from the biocrystallization method

The consumers are becoming more concerned about food quality, especially regarding how, when and where the foods are produced (Haglund et al., 1999; Kahl et al., 2004; Alföldi, et al., 2006). Therefore, during recent years there has been a growing interest in the methods for food quality assessment, especially in the picture-development methods as a complement to traditional chemical analysis of single compounds (Kahl et al., 2006). The biocrystallization as one of the picture-developing method is based on the crystallographic phenomenon that when crystallizing aqueous solutions of dihydrate CuCl2 with adding of organic solutions, originating, e.g., from crop samples, biocrystallograms are generated with reproducible crystal patterns (Kleber & Steinike-Hartung, 1959). Its output is a crystal pattern on glass plates from which different variables (numbers) can be calculated by using image analysis. However, there is a lack of a standardized evaluation method to quantify the morphological features of the biocrystallogram image. Therefore, the main sakes of this research are (1) to optimize an existing statistical model in order to describe all the effects that contribute to the experiment, (2) to investigate the effect of image parameters on the texture analysis of the biocrystallogram images, i.e., region of interest (ROI), color transformation and histogram matching on samples from the project 020E170/F financed by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection(BMELV).The samples are wheat and carrots from controlled field and farm trials, (3) to consider the strongest effect of texture parameter with the visual evaluation criteria that have been developed by a group of researcher (University of Kassel, Germany; Louis Bolk Institute (LBI), Netherlands and Biodynamic Research Association Denmark (BRAD), Denmark) in order to clarify how the relation of the texture parameter and visual characteristics on an image is. The refined statistical model was accomplished by using a lme model with repeated measurements via crossed effects, programmed in R (version 2.1.0). The validity of the F and P values is checked against the SAS program. While getting from the ANOVA the same F values, the P values are bigger in R because of the more conservative approach. The refined model is calculating more significant P values. The optimization of the image analysis is dealing with the following parameters: ROI(Region of Interest which is the area around the geometrical center), color transformation (calculation of the 1 dimensional gray level value out of the three dimensional color information of the scanned picture, which is necessary for the texture analysis), histogram matching (normalization of the histogram of the picture to enhance the contrast and to minimize the errors from lighting conditions). The samples were wheat from DOC trial with 4 field replicates for the years 2003 and 2005, “market samples”(organic and conventional neighbors with the same variety) for 2004 and 2005, carrot where the samples were obtained from the University of Kassel (2 varieties, 2 nitrogen treatments) for the years 2004, 2005, 2006 and “market samples” of carrot for the years 2004 and 2005. The criterion for the optimization was repeatability of the differentiation of the samples over the different harvest(years). For different samples different ROIs were found, which reflect the different pictures. The best color transformation that shows efficiently differentiation is relied on gray scale, i.e., equal color transformation. The second dimension of the color transformation only appeared in some years for the effect of color wavelength(hue) for carrot treated with different nitrate fertilizer levels. The best histogram matching is the Gaussian distribution. The approach was to find a connection between the variables from textural image analysis with the different visual criteria. The relation between the texture parameters and visual evaluation criteria was limited to the carrot samples, especially, as it could be well differentiated by the texture analysis. It was possible to connect groups of variables of the texture analysis with groups of criteria from the visual evaluation. These selected variables were able to differentiate the samples but not able to classify the samples according to the treatment. Contrarily, in case of visual criteria which describe the picture as a whole there is a classification in 80% of the sample cases possible. Herewith, it clearly can find the limits of the single variable approach of the image analysis (texture analysis).

Development of hybrid UV VCSEL with organic active material and dielectric DBR mirrors for medical, sensoric and data storage applications

Lasers play an important role for medical, sensoric and data storage devices. This thesis is focused on design, technology development, fabrication and characterization of hybrid ultraviolet Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (UV VCSEL) with organic laser-active material and inorganic distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR). Multilayer structures with different layer thicknesses, refractive indices and absorption coefficients of the inorganic materials were studied using theoretical model calculations. During the simulations the structure parameters such as materials and thicknesses have been varied. This procedure was repeated several times during the design optimization process including also the feedback from technology and characterization. Two types of VCSEL devices were investigated. The first is an index coupled structure consisting of bottom and top DBR dielectric mirrors. In the space in between them is the cavity, which includes active region and defines the spectral gain profile. In this configuration the maximum electrical field is concentrated in the cavity and can destroy the chemical structure of the active material. The second type of laser is a so called complex coupled VCSEL. In this structure the active material is placed not only in the cavity but also in parts of the DBR structure. The simulations show that such a distribution of the active material reduces the required pumping power for reaching lasing threshold. High efficiency is achieved by substituting the dielectric material with high refractive index for the periods closer to the cavity. The inorganic materials for the DBR mirrors have been deposited by Plasma- Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) and Dual Ion Beam Sputtering (DIBS) machines. Extended optimizations of the technological processes have been performed. All the processes are carried out in a clean room Class 1 and Class 10000. The optical properties and the thicknesses of the layers are measured in-situ by spectroscopic ellipsometry and spectroscopic reflectometry. The surface roughness is analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and images of the devices are taken with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) layers deposited by the PECVD machine show defects of the material structure and have higher absorption in the ultra violet range compared to ion beam deposition (IBD). This results in low reflectivity of the DBR mirrors and also reduces the optical properties of the VCSEL devices. However PECVD has the advantage that the stress in the layers can be tuned and compensated, in contrast to IBD at the moment. A sputtering machine Ionsys 1000 produced by Roth&Rau company, is used for the deposition of silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). The chamber is equipped with main (sputter) and assisted ion sources. The dielectric materials were optimized by introducing additional oxygen and nitrogen into the chamber. DBR mirrors with different material combinations were deposited. The measured optical properties of the fabricated multilayer structures show an excellent agreement with the results of theoretical model calculations. The layers deposited by puttering show high compressive stress. As an active region a novel organic material with spiro-linked molecules is used. Two different materials have been evaporated by utilizing a dye evaporation machine in the clean room of the department Makromolekulare Chemie und Molekulare Materialien (mmCmm). The Spiro-Octopus-1 organic material has a maximum emission at the wavelength λemission = 395 nm and the Spiro-Pphenal has a maximum emission at the wavelength λemission = 418 nm. Both of them have high refractive index and can be combined with low refractive index materials like silicon dioxide (SiO2). The sputtering method shows excellent optical quality of the deposited materials and high reflection of the multilayer structures. The bottom DBR mirrors for all VCSEL devices were deposited by the DIBS machine, whereas the top DBR mirror deposited either by PECVD or by combination of PECVD and DIBS. The fabricated VCSEL structures were optically pumped by nitrogen laser at wavelength λpumping = 337 nm. The emission was measured by spectrometer. A radiation of the VCSEL structure at wavelength 392 nm and 420 nm is observed.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Spiro-Starburst-Structures as Blue Light Emitters and Zeolites

Spiro-starburst-structures with symmetric globular structures in forms of first and second generations that readily form stable amorphous glasses have been synthesized and then characterised in this work. During the synthesis of these materials, possibilities of the extension of the chains of the phenyl rings in 2,2’,7 and 7’-positions of the central core of the spirobifluorene as well as the 2’,7 and 7’-positions of the terminal spirobifluorene units of the spiro-starburst-structures have been investigated so that solubilities and morphologies of the compounds are not negatively influenced. Their morphological properties have been explored by recording their decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature. These compounds possessing two perpendicular arrangement of the two molecular halves show high glass transition temperature (Tg), which is one of the most important parameter indicating the stability of the amorphous state of the material for optoelectronic devices like organic light emitting diodes. Within the species of second generation compounds, for example, 4-spiro3 shows the highest Tg (330 °C) and the highest branching degree. When one [4B(SBF)SBF-SBF 84] or two [4SBFSBF-SBF 79] terminal spirobifluorene units are removed, the Tg decreases to 318 °C and 307 °C respectively. Photo absorption and fluorescence spectra and cyclic voltammetry measurements are taken in account to characterize the optoelectronic properties of the compounds. Spiro-starburst-structures emit radiation in the blue region of the visible spectrum. The peak maxima of absorption and emission spectra are observed to be at higher wavelength in the molecules with longer chromophore chains than in the molecules with shorter chromophore chains. Excitation spectra are monitored with their emission peak maxima. The increasing absorbing species in molecule leads to increasing molar extinction coefficient. In the case of 4B(TP)SBF-SBF 53 and 4B(SBF)SBF-SBF 84, the greater values of the molar extinction coefficients (43*104 and 44*104 L mol-1 cm-1 respectively) are the evidences of the presence of four times octiphenyl conjugation rings and eight times terminal fluorene units respectively. The optical properties of solid states of these compounds in the form of thin film indicate that the intermolecular interaction and aggregation of individual molecules in neat amorphous films are effectively hindered by their sterically demanding structures. Accordingly, in solid state, they behave like isolated molecules in highly dilute solution. Cyclic voltammetry measurements of these compounds show electrochemically reversibility and stability. Furthermore, the zeolitic nature (host-guest) of the molecular sieve of the synthesized spiro-starburst-structures has been analysed by thermogravimetric analysis method.

Patent DE10 2004 037 519 B4 “Sensor Process and Device for Determining a Physical Value“. A Proof of Concept

At present, a fraction of 0.1 - 0.2% of the patients undergoing surgery become aware during the process. The situation is referred to as anesthesia awareness and is obviously very traumatic for the person experiencing it. The reason for its occurrence is mostly an insufficient dosage of the narcotic Propofol combined with the incapability of the technology monitoring the depth of the patient’s anesthetic state to notice the patient becoming aware. A solution can be a highly sensitive and selective real time monitoring device for Propofol based on optical absorption spectroscopy. Its working principle has been postulated by Prof. Dr. habil. H. Hillmer and formulated in DE10 2004 037 519 B4, filed on Aug 30th, 2004. It consists of the exploitation of Intra Cavity Absorption effects in a two mode laser system. In this Dissertation, a two mode external cavity semiconductor laser, which has been developed previously to this work is enhanced and optimized to a functional sensor. Enhancements include the implementation of variable couplers into the system and the implementation of a collimator arrangement into which samples can be introduced. A sample holder and cells are developed and characterized with a focus on compatibility with the measurement approach. Further optimization concerns the overall performance of the system: scattering sources are reduced by re-splicing all fiber-to-fiber connections, parasitic cavities are eliminated by suppressing the Fresnel reflexes of all one fiber ends by means of optical isolators and wavelength stability of the system is improved by the implementation of thermal insulation to the Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG). The final laser sensor is characterized in detail thermally and optically. Two separate modes are obtained at 1542.0 and 1542.5 nm, tunable in a range of 1nm each. Mode Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) is 0.06nm and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is as high as 55 dB. Independent of tuning the two modes of the system can always be equalized in intensity, which is important as the delicacy of the intensity equilibrium is one of the main sensitivity enhancing effects formulated in DE10 2004 037 519 B4. For the proof of concept (POC) measurements the target substance Propofol is diluted in the solvents Acetone and DiChloroMethane (DCM), which have been investigated for compatibility with Propofol beforehand. Eight measurement series (two solvents, two cell lengths and two different mode spacings) are taken, which draw a uniform picture: mode intensity ratio responds linearly to an increase of Propofol in all cases. The slope of the linear response indicates the sensitivity of the system. The eight series are split up into two groups: measurements taken in long cells and measurements taken in short cells.

Highly Sensitive Sensor Based On Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy By Means of Relative Intensity Noise

This thesis concerns with the main aspects of medical trace molecules detection by means of intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy (ICLAS), namely with the equirements for highly sensitive, highly selective, low price, and compact size sensor. A novel two modes semiconductor laser sensor is demonstrated. Its operation principle is based on the competition between these two modes. The sensor sensitivity is improved when the sample is placed inside the two modes laser cavity, and the competition between the two modes exists. The effects of the mode competition in ICLAS are discussed theoretically and experimentally. The sensor selectivity is enhanced using external cavity diode laser (ECDL) configuration, where the tuning range only depends on the external cavity configuration. In order to considerably reduce the sensor cost, relative intensity noise (RIN) is chosen for monitoring the intensity ratio of the two modes. RIN is found to be an excellent indicator for the two modes intensity ratio variations which strongly supports the sensor methodology. On the other hand, it has been found that, wavelength tuning has no effect on the RIN spectrum which is very beneficial for the proposed detection principle. In order to use the sensor for medical applications, the absorption line of an anesthetic sample, propofol, is measured. Propofol has been dissolved in various solvents. RIN has been chosen to monitor the sensor response. From the measured spectra, the sensor sensitivity enhancement factor is found to be of the order of 10^(3) times of the conventional laser spectroscopy.

Characterization of Novel Fabry Pérot Filter Arrays for Nanospectrometers in Medical Applications

Optische Spektroskopie ist eine sehr wichtige Messtechnik mit einem hohen Potential für zahlreiche Anwendungen in der Industrie und Wissenschaft. Kostengünstige und miniaturisierte Spektrometer z.B. werden besonders für moderne Sensorsysteme “smart personal environments” benötigt, die vor allem in der Energietechnik, Messtechnik, Sicherheitstechnik (safety and security), IT und Medizintechnik verwendet werden. Unter allen miniaturisierten Spektrometern ist eines der attraktivsten Miniaturisierungsverfahren das Fabry Pérot Filter. Bei diesem Verfahren kann die Kombination von einem Fabry Pérot (FP) Filterarray und einem Detektorarray als Mikrospektrometer funktionieren. Jeder Detektor entspricht einem einzelnen Filter, um ein sehr schmales Band von Wellenlängen, die durch das Filter durchgelassen werden, zu detektieren. Ein Array von FP-Filter wird eingesetzt, bei dem jeder Filter eine unterschiedliche spektrale Filterlinie auswählt. Die spektrale Position jedes Bandes der Wellenlänge wird durch die einzelnen Kavitätshöhe des Filters definiert. Die Arrays wurden mit Filtergrößen, die nur durch die Array-Dimension der einzelnen Detektoren begrenzt werden, entwickelt. Allerdings erfordern die bestehenden Fabry Pérot Filter-Mikrospektrometer komplizierte Fertigungsschritte für die Strukturierung der 3D-Filter-Kavitäten mit unterschiedlichen Höhen, die nicht kosteneffizient für eine industrielle Fertigung sind. Um die Kosten bei Aufrechterhaltung der herausragenden Vorteile der FP-Filter-Struktur zu reduzieren, wird eine neue Methode zur Herstellung der miniaturisierten FP-Filtern mittels NanoImprint Technologie entwickelt und präsentiert. In diesem Fall werden die mehreren Kavitäten-Herstellungsschritte durch einen einzigen Schritt ersetzt, die hohe vertikale Auflösung der 3D NanoImprint Technologie verwendet. Seit dem die NanoImprint Technologie verwendet wird, wird das auf FP Filters basierende miniaturisierte Spectrometer nanospectrometer genannt. Ein statischer Nano-Spektrometer besteht aus einem statischen FP-Filterarray auf einem Detektorarray (siehe Abb. 1). Jeder FP-Filter im Array besteht aus dem unteren Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR), einer Resonanz-Kavität und einen oberen DBR. Der obere und untere DBR sind identisch und bestehen aus periodisch abwechselnden dünnen dielektrischen Schichten von Materialien mit hohem und niedrigem Brechungsindex. Die optischen Schichten jeder dielektrischen Dünnfilmschicht, die in dem DBR enthalten sind, entsprechen einen Viertel der Design-Wellenlänge. Jeder FP-Filter wird einer definierten Fläche des Detektorarrays zugeordnet. Dieser Bereich kann aus einzelnen Detektorelementen oder deren Gruppen enthalten. Daher werden die Seitenkanal-Geometrien der Kavität aufgebaut, die dem Detektor entsprechen. Die seitlichen und vertikalen Dimensionen der Kavität werden genau durch 3D NanoImprint Technologie aufgebaut. Die Kavitäten haben Unterschiede von wenigem Nanometer in der vertikalen Richtung. Die Präzision der Kavität in der vertikalen Richtung ist ein wichtiger Faktor, der die Genauigkeit der spektralen Position und Durchlässigkeit des Filters Transmissionslinie beeinflusst.