The problem of the graphic artist

'The problem of the graphic artist' is a small example of applying elementary mathematics (divisibility of natural numbers) to a real problem which we ourselves have actually experienced. It deals with the possibilities for partitioning a sheet of paper into strips. In this contribution we report on a teaching unit in grade 6 as well as on informal tests with students in school and university. Finally we analyse this example methodologically, summarise our observations with pupils and students, and draw some didactical conclusions.

Applications and modelling in mathematics teaching

The aim of this paper is a comprehensive presentation of some important basic and general aspects of the topic applications and modelling, with emphasis on the secondary school level. Owing to the review character of this paper, some overlap with the survey paper Blum and Niss (1989) for ICME-6 in Budapest is inevitable. The paper will consist of three parts. In part 1, I shall try to clarify some basic concepts and remind the reader of a few application and modelling examples suitable for teaching. In part 2, I shall formulate some general aims for mathematics instruction and, on that basis, summarise the most important arguments for and against applications and modelling in mathematics teaching. Finally, in part 3, I shall discuss some relevant instructional aspects resulting from the considerations in part 2.

Mathematical modelling in mathematics education and instruction

This paper aims at giving a concise survey of the present state-of-the-art of mathematical modelling in mathematics education and instruction. It will consist of four parts. In part 1, some basic concepts relevant to the topic will be clarified and, in particular, mathematical modelling will be defined in a broad, comprehensive sense. Part 2 will review arguments for the inclusion of modelling in mathematics teaching at schools and universities, and identify certain schools of thought within mathematics education. Part 3 will describe the role of modelling in present mathematics curricula and in everyday teaching practice. Some obstacles for mathematical modelling in the classroom will be analysed, as well as the opportunities and risks of computer usage. In part 4, selected materials and resources for teaching mathematical modelling, developed in the last few years in America, Australia and Europe, will be presented. The examples will demonstrate many promising directions of development.

Analysis of applications and of conceptions for an application-oriented mathematics instruction

In connection with the (revived) demand for considering applications in the teaching of mathematics, various schemata or lists of criteria have been developed since the end of the sixties, which set up requirements about closeness to the real world or about the type of mathematics being used, and which have made it possible to analyze the available applications in their light. After having stated the problem (in section 1), we present (in section 2) a sketch of some of the best known of these and of some earlier schemata, although we are not aiming for a complete picture. Then (in section 3) we distinguish among different dimensions.in the analysis of applications. With this as a basis, we develop (in section 4) our own suggestion for categorizing types of applications and conceptions for an application-oriented mathematics instruction. Then (in section 5) we illustrate our schemata by some examples of performed evaluations. Finally (in section 6), we present some preliminary first results of the analysis of teaching conceptions.

Entwicklung und Erprobung eines Tests zur "mathematischen Leistungsfähigkeit" deutscher und englischer Lernender in der Sekundarstufe I

Im Rahmen von empirischen Untersuchungen zum Lehren und Lernen von Mathematik haben wir einen Test entwickelt ("Potentialtest"), der die "mathematische Leistungsfähigkeit" von 13/14jährigen Jugendlichen in England und Deutschland für Vergleichszwecke messen soll. Im vorliegenden Beitrag beschreiben wir die Entstehung des Tests sowie Resultate der Durchführung des Tests bei 1036 englischen und deutschen Lernenden. Die Resultate werden unter Berücksichtigung von - aus unseren früheren Fallstudien bekannten - Charakteristika des Mathematikunterrichts in beiden Ländern interpretiert.

Einige Ergebnisse von vergleichenden Untersuchungen in England und Deutschland zum Lehren und Lernen von Mathematik in Realitätsbezügen

In der Arbeit werden einige Resultate von vergleichenden empirischen Untersuchungen zu unterschiedlichen Konzeptionen eines realitätsbezogenen Mathematikunterrichts, wie sie in England und Deutschland häufig vertreten werden, dargestellt. Bei diesen Untersuchungen werden in verschiedenen Fallstudien, die u.a. auch strukturelle Unterschiede zwischen den Bildungssystemen in England und Deutschland und den zugrundeliegenden Erziehungsphilosophien berücksichtigen, Auswirkungen dieser Konzeptionen auf die Einstellung der Lernenden zum Mathematikunterricht, ihr Bild von Mathematik, ihr Verständnis mathematischer Begriffe und Methoden sowie ihre Fähigkeiten zur Anwendung mathematischer Methoden zum Lösen realer Problemaufgaben untersucht. Die hier dargestellten Erhebungen sind Teil eines längerdauernden Kollaborationsprojekts zwischen den Universitäten Exeter und Kassel.