Modelling and simulation of a photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid system

A stand-alone power system is an autonomous system that supplies electricity to the user load without being connected to the electric grid. This kind of decentralized system is frequently located in remote and inaccessible areas. It is essential for about one third of the world population which are living in developed or isolated regions and have no access to an electricity utility grid. The most people live in remote and rural areas, with low population density, lacking even the basic infrastructure. The utility grid extension to these locations is not a cost effective option and sometimes technically not feasible. The purpose of this thesis is the modelling and simulation of a stand-alone hybrid power system, referred to as “hydrogen Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell (PVFC) hybrid system”. It couples a photovoltaic generator (PV), an alkaline water electrolyser, a storage gas tank, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and power conditioning units (PCU) to give different system topologies. The system is intended to be an environmentally friendly solution since it tries maximising the use of a renewable energy source. Electricity is produced by a PV generator to meet the requirements of a user load. Whenever there is enough solar radiation, the user load can be powered totally by the PV electricity. During periods of low solar radiation, auxiliary electricity is required. An alkaline high pressure water electrolyser is powered by the excess energy from the PV generator to produce hydrogen and oxygen at a pressure of maximum 30bar. Gases are stored without compression for short- (hourly or daily) and long- (seasonal) term. A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is used to keep the system’s reliability at the same level as for the conventional system while decreasing the environmental impact of the whole system. The PEM fuel cell consumes gases which are produced by an electrolyser to meet the user load demand when the PV generator energy is deficient, so that it works as an auxiliary generator. Power conditioning units are appropriate for the conversion and dispatch the energy between the components of the system. No batteries are used in this system since they represent the weakest when used in PV systems due to their need for sophisticated control and their short lifetime. The model library, ISET Alternative Power Library (ISET-APL), is designed by the Institute of Solar Energy supply Technology (ISET) and used for the simulation of the hybrid system. The physical, analytical and/or empirical equations of each component are programmed and implemented separately in this library for the simulation software program Simplorer by C++ language. The model parameters are derived from manufacturer’s performance data sheets or measurements obtained from literature. The identification and validation of the major hydrogen PVFC hybrid system component models are evaluated according to the measured data of the components, from the manufacturer’s data sheet or from actual system operation. Then, the overall system is simulated, at intervals of one hour each, by using solar radiation as the primary energy input and hydrogen as energy storage for one year operation. A comparison between different topologies, such as DC or AC coupled systems, is carried out on the basis of energy point of view at two locations with different geographical latitudes, in Kassel/Germany (Europe) and in Cairo/Egypt (North Africa). The main conclusion in this work is that the simulation method of the system study under different conditions could successfully be used to give good visualization and comparison between those topologies for the overall performance of the system. The operational performance of the system is not only depending on component efficiency but also on system design and consumption behaviour. The worst case of this system is the low efficiency of the storage subsystem made of the electrolyser, the gas storage tank, and the fuel cell as it is around 25-34% at Cairo and 29-37% at Kassel. Therefore, the research for this system should be concentrated in the subsystem components development especially the fuel cell.

Ein computergestütztes Kurskonzept für den Stochastik-Leistungskurs mit kontinuierlicher Verwendung der Software Fathom - Didaktisch kommentierte Unterrichtsmaterialien

Die Unterrichtsmaterialien beschreiben einen Unterrichtsvorschlag für einen kontinuierlich computergestützten Stochastikunterricht in der gymnasialen Oberstufe. Verwendet wird die Software Fathom. Die Unterrichtsmaterialien wurden bislang in fünf verschiedenen Kasseler Oberstufenkursen (Jahrgangsstufe 12 bzw. 13) erprobt und dabei jeweils weiter entwickelt. Ausgearbeitet sind drei Unterrichtseinheiten: 1. „Einstieg in die Stochastik mit Simulationen“ 2. Unterrichtseinheit „Binomialverteilung“ 3. Unterrichtseinheit „Testen von Hypothesen“ Zu jeder der drei Unterrichtseinheiten existieren eine didaktische Beschreibung, die Arbeitsmaterialien (Arbeitsblätter, Merkblätter zur Ergebnissicherung, dynamische Lernumgebungen) sowie Musterlösungen zu den Aufgaben. Für alle Aufgaben mit Verwendung der Software Fathom stehen die zugehörigen Fathom-Dateien zur Verfügung. Alle Fathom-Dateien (Lernumgebungen und Musterlösungen der Aufgaben) erhalten Sie als *.zip-Datei zum Download.

Konzept und Prototyp eines interoperablen und offenen Simulationssystems

Simulation hat sich in der Vergangenheit als unterstützendes Planungsinstrument und Prognosemethode zur Untersuchung von Materialflusssystemen in verschiedenen Branchen etabliert. Dafür werden neben Simulationswerkzeugen auch zunehmend Virtual Reality (VR), insbesondere mit dem Ansatz Digitale Fabrik, eingesetzt. Ein Materialflusssimulator, der für den VR–Einsatz geeignet ist,existiert noch nicht, so dass Anwender gegenwärtig mit verschiedenen Systemen arbeiten müssen, um Untersuchungen eines Simulationsmodells in einem VR–Umfeld wie beispielsweise in einem CAVE zu ermöglichen. Zeitlicher Aufwand ist dadurch vorprogrammiert und das Auftreten von Fehlern bei der Konvertierung des Simulationsmodells möglich. Da auch der hauseigene Materialflusssimulator SIMFLEX/3D nicht für beide Anwendungsgebiete genutzt werden kann und für einen solchen Einsatz mit sehr hohem Aufwand angepasst werden müsste, wurde stattdessen ein neues Simulationssystem entworfen. Das Simulationssystem wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit als ein interoperables und offenes System beschrieben, das über eine flexible Softwarearchitektur verfügt und in einem vernetzten Umfeld mit anderen Werkzeugen Daten austauschen kann. Die grundlegende Idee besteht darin, eine flexible Softwarearchitektur zu entwerfen, die zunächst interaktive und ereignisorientierte 3D–Simulation erlaubt, aber zusätzlich für andere Anwendungszwecke offen gehalten wird. Durch den offenen Ansatz können Erweiterungen, die in Form von Plugins entwickelt werden, mit geringem Aufwand in das System integriert werden, wodurch eine hohe Flexibilität des Systems erreicht wird. Für interoperable Zwecke werden Softwaremodule vorgestellt, die optional eingesetzt werden können und standardisierte Formate wie bspw. XML benutzen. Mit dem neuen Simulationssystem wird die Lücke zwischen Desktop– und VR–Einsatz geschlossen und aus diesem Grund der Zeitaufwand und Fehlerquellen reduziert. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht der offene Ansatz, das Simulationssystem rollen- und aufgabenspezifisch anzupassen, indem die erforderlichen Plugins bereitgestellt werden. Aus diesem Grund kann das Simulationssystem mit sehr geringem Aufwand um weitere Untersuchungsschwerpunkte wie beispielsweise Avatare ergänzt werden. Erste Untersuchungen in einem CAVE wurden erfolgreich durchgeführt. Für die Digitale Fabrik kann der Prototyp eingesetzt werden, um die Produktionsplanung mit Hilfe der Simulation und die Entwicklung mit Hilfe der entwickelten Viewer zu unterstützen. Letzteres ist möglich, da die Viewer zahlreiche CAD–Formate lesen und um weitere Formate ergänzt werden können. Das entwickelte System ist für den Einsatz in verschiedenen Prozessen einer Wertschöpfungskette geeignet,um es als Untersuchungs-, Kommunikations- und Steuerungswerkzeug einzusetzen.

The DIADEM Software Development Methodology extended to Multimedia Interfaces

DIADEM, created by THOMSON-CSF, is a methodology for specifying and developing user interfaces. It improves productivity of the interface development process as well as quality of the interface. The method provides support to user interface development in three aspects. (1) DIADEM defines roles of people involved and their tasks and organises the sequence of activities. (2) It provides graphical formalisms supporting information exchange between people. (3) It offers a basic set of rules for optimum human-machine interfaces. The use of DIADEM in three areas (process control, sales support, and multimedia presentation) was observed and evaluated by our laboratory in the European project DIAMANTA (ESPRIT P20507). The method provides an open procedure that leaves room for adaptation to a specific application and environment. This paper gives an overview of DIADEM and shows how to extend formalisms for developing multimedia interfaces.

The Human in the Loop: User Participation in Self-Adaptive Software

Self-adaptive software provides a profound solution for adapting applications to changing contexts in dynamic and heterogeneous environments. Having emerged from Autonomic Computing, it incorporates fully autonomous decision making based on predefined structural and behavioural models. The most common approach for architectural runtime adaptation is the MAPE-K adaptation loop implementing an external adaptation manager without manual user control. However, it has turned out that adaptation behaviour lacks acceptance if it does not correspond to a user’s expectations – particularly for Ubiquitous Computing scenarios with user interaction. Adaptations can be irritating and distracting if they are not appropriate for a certain situation. In general, uncertainty during development and at run-time causes problems with users being outside the adaptation loop. In a literature study, we analyse publications about self-adaptive software research. The results show a discrepancy between the motivated application domains, the maturity of examples, and the quality of evaluations on the one hand and the provided solutions on the other hand. Only few publications analysed the impact of their work on the user, but many employ user-oriented examples for motivation and demonstration. To incorporate the user within the adaptation loop and to deal with uncertainty, our proposed solutions enable user participation for interactive selfadaptive software while at the same time maintaining the benefits of intelligent autonomous behaviour. We define three dimensions of user participation, namely temporal, behavioural, and structural user participation. This dissertation contributes solutions for user participation in the temporal and behavioural dimension. The temporal dimension addresses the moment of adaptation which is classically determined by the self-adaptive system. We provide mechanisms allowing users to influence or to define the moment of adaptation. With our solution, users can have full control over the moment of adaptation or the self-adaptive software considers the user’s situation more appropriately. The behavioural dimension addresses the actual adaptation logic and the resulting run-time behaviour. Application behaviour is established during development and does not necessarily match the run-time expectations. Our contributions are three distinct solutions which allow users to make changes to the application’s runtime behaviour: dynamic utility functions, fuzzy-based reasoning, and learning-based reasoning. The foundation of our work is a notification and feedback solution that improves intelligibility and controllability of self-adaptive applications by implementing a bi-directional communication between self-adaptive software and the user. The different mechanisms from the temporal and behavioural participation dimension require the notification and feedback solution to inform users on adaptation actions and to provide a mechanism to influence adaptations. Case studies show the feasibility of the developed solutions. Moreover, an extensive user study with 62 participants was conducted to evaluate the impact of notifications before and after adaptations. Although the study revealed that there is no preference for a particular notification design, participants clearly appreciated intelligibility and controllability over autonomous adaptations.