‘Green Consumption’ beyond mainstream economy: A discourse analysis

In contemporary society, green consumption is a popular concept. The life styles of people and consumption behaviors are moderated in accordance to the ‘green ideology’. The process of green consumption can be observed through social behaviors such as preference of bio foods, recycling, reusing, limiting the over consumption and using environmentally friendly transport systems. However, mainstream economic analyses on green consumption argued that consumer behaviors are due to the rational choice of individuality based on utility and self-preferences. The hypothesis of this paper on consumer behavior in green consumption is configured by discourses according to the discourse analysis.

Debating food production at dinner time: Mainstream audiences are invited to debate the ethics of agricultural practices in Brazil

In the rural areas of Brazil, a farmer runs his agricultural empire with a fierce hand: he exploits his workers and the land to their limits. Lack of sustainable land management leads to the pollution of rivers, changes in rain patterns, and exhaustion of the soil.

A User-Centric Perspective on Parallel Programming with Focus on OpenMP

The process of developing software that takes advantage of multiple processors is commonly referred to as parallel programming. For various reasons, this process is much harder than the sequential case. For decades, parallel programming has been a problem for a small niche only: engineers working on parallelizing mostly numerical applications in High Performance Computing. This has changed with the advent of multi-core processors in mainstream computer architectures. Parallel programming in our days becomes a problem for a much larger group of developers. The main objective of this thesis was to find ways to make parallel programming easier for them. Different aims were identified in order to reach the objective: research the state of the art of parallel programming today, improve the education of software developers about the topic, and provide programmers with powerful abstractions to make their work easier. To reach these aims, several key steps were taken. To start with, a survey was conducted among parallel programmers to find out about the state of the art. More than 250 people participated, yielding results about the parallel programming systems and languages in use, as well as about common problems with these systems. Furthermore, a study was conducted in university classes on parallel programming. It resulted in a list of frequently made mistakes that were analyzed and used to create a programmers' checklist to avoid them in the future. For programmers' education, an online resource was setup to collect experiences and knowledge in the field of parallel programming - called the Parawiki. Another key step in this direction was the creation of the Thinking Parallel weblog, where more than 50.000 readers to date have read essays on the topic. For the third aim (powerful abstractions), it was decided to concentrate on one parallel programming system: OpenMP. Its ease of use and high level of abstraction were the most important reasons for this decision. Two different research directions were pursued. The first one resulted in a parallel library called AthenaMP. It contains so-called generic components, derived from design patterns for parallel programming. These include functionality to enhance the locks provided by OpenMP, to perform operations on large amounts of data (data-parallel programming), and to enable the implementation of irregular algorithms using task pools. AthenaMP itself serves a triple role: the components are well-documented and can be used directly in programs, it enables developers to study the source code and learn from it, and it is possible for compiler writers to use it as a testing ground for their OpenMP compilers. The second research direction was targeted at changing the OpenMP specification to make the system more powerful. The main contributions here were a proposal to enable thread-cancellation and a proposal to avoid busy waiting. Both were implemented in a research compiler, shown to be useful in example applications, and proposed to the OpenMP Language Committee.

Beyond the Prototypical Male Migrant

The primary theoretical accounts of migration have been largely unaffected by the feminisation of migration. But this does not mean that they are gender neutral. Drawing on the concept of gender knowledge developed by German sociologists Irene Dölling and Sünne Andresen, on the feminist critique of knowledge, feminist economics and studies on gender and migration, the paper interrogates two influential models of migration from neoclassical economics for their gendered assumptions: the Roy-Borjas selection model of migration and Jacob Mincer’s model of family migration. An analysis of their gendered assumptions about the individual, the family, the institution of the labour market and immigration policies shows that both theories explicitly and implicitly assume a male migrant as the norm and frame female migrants as passive dependents. However, the paper argues that it is not “men as such” who serve as prototypical migrants, but a specific type of white, heterosexual and middle-class masculinity, which is set as the norm while other migration realities and knowledge about the structuration of migration processes through social relations of gender, race and class are excluded. Finally, it is argued that with knowledge being a powerful site for the production of meaning in social relations, the gender knowledge in mainstream migration theories could lead to discriminatory migration policies and might also affect migrant subjectivities. This underscores the need for a more sustained dialogue between feminist and mainstream migration scholarship to further engender the field.

Das Internet und die Leugnung des Holocaust

Der Nationalsozialismus und damit auch der Holocaust gilt als die am besten erforschte Periode der deutschen Geschichte. Unzählige Berichte und Dokumente belegen den Völkermord an den europäischen Juden und ermöglichen so ein genaues und detailliertes Bild der Vorgänge. Trotz der sehr guten Quellenlage behaupten Holocaustleugner, dass es sich bei der Shoah um eine Inszenierung handele oder dass die geschätzten Opferzahlen als maßlose Übertreibung zurückzuweisen seien. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, wie Holocaustleugner argumentieren und mit welchen Manipulationstechniken sie historische Tatsachen verfälschen. Im Zentrum stehen dabei propagandistische Texte im Internet, dem Medium, welches gegenwärtig als häufigster Verbreitungskanal für holocaustleugnende Propaganda genutzt wird. Um aktuelle Tendenzen deutlich zu machen und um Brüche und Kontinuitäten herauszuarbeiten, werden jüngste Internet-Publikationen mit Printmedien aus den 1970er und 1980er Jahren verglichen. Die Analyse macht dabei deutlich, dass sich holocaustleugnende Argumentationsmuster mit der „digitalen Revolution“ gewandelt haben und die Protagonisten der Szene sich auf neue Zielgruppen einstellen. Während frühe Printmedien vor allem für einen begrenzten Kreis einschlägig Interessierter publiziert wurden, haben Holocaustleugner heute die Gesamtheit der Internet-Nutzer als Zielgruppe erkannt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wandeln sich die Verschleierungstaktiken und Täuschungsmanöver, auch aber der Habitus der Texte. Argumentierten die Autoren in früheren Veröffentlichungen oftmals offensiv und radikal, konzentrieren sie sich gegenwärtig auf moderatere Argumentationsmuster, die darauf abzielen, die Shoah zu trivialisieren und zu minimieren. Derartige Propagandaformen sind kompatibler mit dem politischem Mainstream, weil sie weniger verschwörungstheoretisch angelegt sind und ihr antisemitisches Motiv besser verbergen können. Radikale Holocaustleugnung, die behauptet, der gesamte wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisbestand zur Shoah sei ein Phantasiegebilde, findet sich seltener im Internet. Häufiger wird eine „Nadelstich-Taktik“ verfolgt, die einzelne Detailaspekte aufgreift, in Frage stellt oder zu widerlegen vorgibt. Diese Angriffe sollen ihre Wirkung nicht für sich entfalten, sondern in der Summe suggerieren, dass die Tatsachenbasis des Holocaust durchaus hinterfragenswert sei.

Management practices and challenges in smallholder indigenous chicken production in Western Kenya

The potential benefit of indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) production is still under-exploited in Kenya despite the efforts by different stakeholders to mainstream this production system as a pathway to rural development. The production system is often characterized by low input-low output productivity and low commercialization of the enterprise. This study which dwells on the current management practices and challenges faced by smallholder indigenous chicken farmers was conducted to gain insights into the underlying causes of production constraints. In Western Kenya women (76%) dominate the indigenous chicken production system. The flock composition consists mainly of chicks, hens and pullets (80%) which reflects their retention for production purposes. Less than half of the farmers access institutional support services such as extension, training, credit and veterinary services. In addition, indigenous chicken is largely reared in a low input-low output free-range system with only few farmers (24.2%) adopting management interventions as disseminated by extension service. To improve production and attain increased productivity, policy should focus on repackaging extension messages that considers farmers economic situations and strengthens collective action initiatives. Accessing joint input purchase and collective marketing of chicken products may further assist the farmers to increase profit margins.

Work and economic security in the 21st century

In recent decades there has been a transformation of two central concepts of modernity – labour and the household. Ela Bhatt – the founder of the Self-Employed Women’s Association of India (SEWA), has made an important contribution to this transformation. Through the emergence of unions such as SEWA, the notion of who represents labour is being broadened; the marginalised are finding an institutional voice. Increasingly, the household is being recognised as a site of both production and reproduction. SEWA is not a traditional trade union that aims, through collective bargaining with an employer, to improve its members’ wages and working conditions as sellers of their labour power. Instead, it aims to empower women economically in the informal economy by bringing them into the mainstream economy as owners of their labour. The union dimension of SEWA builds their collective power through struggle; the cooperative dimension translates their bargaining power into the economic and social development of its members and their community. Besides, Bhatt’s approach to the self-employed was a direct challenge to the ILO’s tripartism when it was established in the early seventies. The first part of the paper provides a short biography of Ela Bhatt, describes the origins of SEWA, analyses a ‘classification struggle’ over how and who is to define what a worker is. In the second part the author considers SEWAs innovative organizing strategy and is rethinking modernity in the labour context. In the conclusion the paper discusses the lessons that can be learnt from Ela Bhatt.