Smallholder group certification in Uganda - Analysis of internal control systems in two organic export companies

The organic agricultural sector of Uganda is among the most developed in Africa in terms of its professional institutional network and high growth rates of number of certified farmers and land area. Smallholder farmers are certified organic through contract production for export companies using a group certification scheme (internal control system - ICS). The ICS is a viable and well-accepted tool to certify small-scale producers in developing countries all over the world. Difficulties in certification are still stated to be among the main constraints for Uganda’s organic sector development. Therefore, this paper reports a qualitative case study comprising 34 expert interviews in two organic fresh-produce export companies in central Uganda, aiming to explore the challenges which underlie organic certification with ICS. The study shows that farmers cannot be labelled as ‘organic by default’ but deliberately engage in organic production as a marketing strategy. The small quantities purchased by the organic companies lead to a difficult marketing situation for the farmers, causing production and infiltration risks on the farm level. These risks require increased control that challenges the companies organizationally. The risks and control needs are a reason to involve farmers in ICS procedures and innovatively adapt the ICS by means of a bypass around formal perspective restrictions. The paper discusses different perspectives on risks, risk control and certification.

Entwicklung und experimentelle Regelung eines servopneumatischen räumlichen Mehrachsenprüfstands

In dieser Arbeit wurde ein räumlich bewegter pneumatischer Mehrachsenprüfstand als spezielle mechanische Variante eines Parallelroboters entwickelt, im Labor aufgebaut und in Rechnersimulationen sowie in Laborexperimenten regelungstechnisch untersucht. Für diesen speziellen Parallelroboter MAP-RTS-6 wurden Regelalgorithmen, die mittels moderner Verfahren der linearen und nichtlinearen Regelungstheorie abgeleitet wurden, hinsichtlich ihrer praktischen Anwendbarkeit, Echtzeitfähigkeit und Qualität entwickelt, implementiert und überprüft. Mit diesen Regelalgorithmen ist der MAP-RTS-6 in der Lage, große räumliche Transienten schnell und präzise nachzufahren. Der MAP-RTS-6 wird in erster Linie als räumlicher Bewegungsmanipulator für große nichtlineare Transienten (Translationen und Rotationen), als räumlicher Vibrationsprüfstand für starre und flexible Prüfkörper unterschiedlicher Konfigurationen und als Mechanismus für die Implementierung und experimentelle Überprüfung unterschiedlicher Regelungs- und Identifikationsalgorithmen und Sicherheitskonzepte verwendet. Die Voraussetzung zum Betrieb des Mehrachsenprüfstands für unterschiedliche redundante Antriebskonfigurationen mit sieben und acht Antrieben MAP-RTS-7 und MAP-RTS-8 wurde in dieser Arbeit geschaffen. Dazu zählen die konstruktive Vorbereitung der Prüfstandsmechanik und Pneumatik zum Anschluss weiterer Antriebe, die Vorbereitung zusätzlicher I/O-Schnittstellen zur Prüfstandselektronik und zum Regelungssystem und die Ableitung von Algorithmen zur analytischen Arbeitsraumüberwachung für redundante Antriebskonfigurationen mit sieben und acht Antrieben.

Soil, water and nutrient loss under conventional and organic vegetable production managed in small farms

Agricultural systems with conventional tillage and intensive use of agrochemicals, especially those on high slopes and with shallow soils, have the potential to release pollutants. This study aimed at evaluating the soil, water and nutrient lost via agricultural runoff in large plots (small catchments) under conventional and organic farming of vegetables as well as under forest (control) system in a Cambisol in the Campestre catchment. Samples of runoff were collected biweekly for one year through a Coshocton wheel. The soil and water losses from the conventional farming were 218 and 6 times higher, respectively, than forest. Under organic farming the soil and water losses were 12 and 4 times higher, respectively, than forest. However the soil losses (0.5 to 114 kg ha^(−1) year^(−1)) are considered low in agronomy but environmentally represent a potential source of surface water contamination by runoff associated pollutants. The concentrations and losses of all forms of phosphorus (P) were higher in the conventional system (9.5, 0.9 and 0.3 mg L^(−1) of total P for conventional, organic and forest systems, respectively), while the organic system had the highest concentrations and losses of soluble nitrogen (4.7, 38.6 and 0.4 mg L^(−1) of NO_3-N, respectively). The percentage of bioavailable P was proportionally higher in the organic system (91% of total P lost was as bioavailable P), indicating greater potential for pollution in the short term.