"Strictly models and objects first" - Unterrichtskonzept und -methodik für objektorientierte Modellierung im Informatikunterricht

Objektorientierte Modellierung (OOM) im Unterricht ist immer noch ein breit diskutiertes Thema - in der Didaktik akzeptiert und gewünscht, von der Praxis oft als unnötiger Overhead oder als schlicht zu komplex empfunden. Ich werde in dieser Arbeit zeigen, wie ein Unterrichtskonzept aufgebaut sein kann, das die lerntheoretischen Vorteile der OOM nutzt und dabei die berichteten Schwierigkeiten größtenteils vermeidet. Ausgehend von den in der Literatur dokumentierten Konzepten zur OOM und ihren Kritikpunkten habe ich ein Unterrichtskonzept entwickelt, das aus Erkenntnissen der Lernpsychologie, allgemeiner Didaktik, Fachdidaktik und auch der Softwaretechnik Unterrichtsmethoden herleitet, um den berichteten Schwierigkeiten wie z.B. dem "Lernen auf Vorrat" zu begegnen. Mein Konzept folgt vier Leitideen: models first, strictly objects first, Nachvollziehbarkeit und Ausführbarkeit. Die strikte Umsetzung dieser Ideen führte zu einem Unterrichtskonzept, das einerseits von Beginn an das Ziel der Modellierung berücksichtigt und oft von der dynamischen Sicht des Problems ausgeht. Da es weitgehend auf der grafischen Modellierungsebene verbleibt, werden viele Probleme eines Programmierkurses vermieden und dennoch entstehen als Ergebnis der Modellierung ausführbare Programme.

Context as a Service

In the vision of Mark Weiser on ubiquitous computing, computers are disappearing from the focus of the users and are seamlessly interacting with other computers and users in order to provide information and services. This shift of computers away from direct computer interaction requires another way of applications to interact without bothering the user. Context is the information which can be used to characterize the situation of persons, locations, or other objects relevant for the applications. Context-aware applications are capable of monitoring and exploiting knowledge about external operating conditions. These applications can adapt their behaviour based on the retrieved information and thus to replace (at least a certain amount) the missing user interactions. Context awareness can be assumed to be an important ingredient for applications in ubiquitous computing environments. However, context management in ubiquitous computing environments must reflect the specific characteristics of these environments, for example distribution, mobility, resource-constrained devices, and heterogeneity of context sources. Modern mobile devices are equipped with fast processors, sufficient memory, and with several sensors, like Global Positioning System (GPS) sensor, light sensor, or accelerometer. Since many applications in ubiquitous computing environments can exploit context information for enhancing their service to the user, these devices are highly useful for context-aware applications in ubiquitous computing environments. Additionally, context reasoners and external context providers can be incorporated. It is possible that several context sensors, reasoners and context providers offer the same type of information. However, the information providers can differ in quality levels (e.g. accuracy), representations (e.g. position represented in coordinates and as an address) of the offered information, and costs (like battery consumption) for providing the information. In order to simplify the development of context-aware applications, the developers should be able to transparently access context information without bothering with underlying context accessing techniques and distribution aspects. They should rather be able to express which kind of information they require, which quality criteria this information should fulfil, and how much the provision of this information should cost (not only monetary cost but also energy or performance usage). For this purpose, application developers as well as developers of context providers need a common language and vocabulary to specify which information they require respectively they provide. These descriptions respectively criteria have to be matched. For a matching of these descriptions, it is likely that a transformation of the provided information is needed to fulfil the criteria of the context-aware application. As it is possible that more than one provider fulfils the criteria, a selection process is required. In this process the system has to trade off the provided quality of context and required costs of the context provider against the quality of context requested by the context consumer. This selection allows to turn on context sources only if required. Explicitly selecting context services and thereby dynamically activating and deactivating the local context provider has the advantage that also the resource consumption is reduced as especially unused context sensors are deactivated. One promising solution is a middleware providing appropriate support in consideration of the principles of service-oriented computing like loose coupling, abstraction, reusability, or discoverability of context providers. This allows us to abstract context sensors, context reasoners and also external context providers as context services. In this thesis we present our solution consisting of a context model and ontology, a context offer and query language, a comprehensive matching and mediation process and a selection service. Especially the matching and mediation process and the selection service differ from the existing works. The matching and mediation process allows an autonomous establishment of mediation processes in order to transfer information from an offered representation into a requested representation. In difference to other approaches, the selection service selects not only a service for a service request, it rather selects a set of services in order to fulfil all requests which also facilitates the sharing of services. The approach is extensively reviewed regarding the different requirements and a set of demonstrators shows its usability in real-world scenarios.