Increasing scepticism toward potential liars: effects of existential threat on veracity judgments and the moderating role of honesty norm activation

With the present research, we investigated effects of existential threat on veracity judgments. According to several meta-analyses, people judge potentially deceptive messages of other people as true rather than as false (so-called truth bias). This judgmental bias has been shown to depend on how people weigh the error of judging a true message as a lie (error 1) and the error of judging a lie as a true message (error 2). The weight of these errors has been further shown to be affected by situational variables. Given that research on terror management theory has found evidence that mortality salience (MS) increases the sensitivity toward the compliance of cultural norms, especially when they are of focal attention, we assumed that when the honesty norm is activated, MS affects judgmental error weighing and, consequently, judgmental biases. Specifically, activating the norm of honesty should decrease the weight of error 1 (the error of judging a true message as a lie) and increase the weight of error 2 (the error of judging a lie as a true message) when mortality is salient. In a first study, we found initial evidence for this assumption. Furthermore, the change in error weighing should reduce the truth bias, automatically resulting in better detection accuracy of actual lies and worse accuracy of actual true statements. In two further studies, we manipulated MS and honesty norm activation before participants judged several videos containing actual truths or lies. Results revealed evidence for our prediction. Moreover, in Study 3, the truth bias was increased after MS when group solidarity was previously emphasized.

Verbal proficiency as fitness indicator: Experimental and comparative research on the evolutionary psychology of language and verbal displays

Summary: Recent research on the evolution of language and verbal displays (e.g., Miller, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2002) indicated that language is not only the result of natural selection but serves as a sexually-selected fitness indicator that is an adaptation showing an individual’s suitability as a reproductive mate. Thus, language could be placed within the framework of concepts such as the handicap principle (Zahavi, 1975). There are several reasons for this position: Many linguistic traits are highly heritable (Stromswold, 2001, 2005), while naturally-selected traits are only marginally heritable (Miller, 2000a); men are more prone to verbal displays than women, who in turn judge the displays (Dunbar, 1996; Locke & Bogin, 2006; Lange, in press; Miller, 2000a; Rosenberg & Tunney, 2008); verbal proficiency universally raises especially male status (Brown, 1991); many linguistic features are handicaps (Miller, 2000a) in the Zahavian sense; most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age (Miller, 1999). However, neither an experimental study investigating the causal relation between verbal proficiency and attractiveness, nor a study showing a correlation between markers of literary and mating success existed. In the current studies, it was aimed to fill these gaps. In the first one, I conducted a laboratory experiment. Videos in which an actor and an actress performed verbal self-presentations were the stimuli for counter-sex participants. Content was always alike, but the videos differed on three levels of verbal proficiency. Predictions were, among others, that (1) verbal proficiency increases mate value, but that (2) this applies more to male than to female mate value due to assumed past sex-different selection pressures causing women to be very demanding in mate choice (Trivers, 1972). After running a two-factorial analysis of variance with the variables sex and verbal proficiency as factors, the first hypothesis was supported with high effect size. For the second hypothesis, there was only a trend going in the predicted direction. Furthermore, it became evident that verbal proficiency affects long-term more than short-term mate value. In the second study, verbal proficiency as a menstrual cycle-dependent mate choice criterion was investigated. Basically the same materials as in the former study were used with only marginal changes in the used questionnaire. The hypothesis was that fertile women rate high verbal proficiency in men higher than non-fertile women because of verbal proficiency being a potential indicator of “good genes”. However, no significant result could be obtained in support of the hypothesis in the current study. In the third study, the hypotheses were: (1) most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age. (2) The more works of high literary quality a male writer produces, the more mates and children he has. (3) Lyricists have higher mating success than non-lyric writers because of poetic language being a larger handicap than other forms of language. (4) Writing literature increases a man’s status insofar that his offspring shows a significantly higher male-to-female sex ratio than in the general population, as the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (Trivers & Willard, 1973) applied to literature predicts. In order to test these hypotheses, two famous literary canons were chosen. Extensive biographical research was conducted on the writers’ mating successes. The first hypothesis was confirmed; the second one, controlling for life age, only for number of mates but not entirely regarding number of children. The latter finding was discussed with respect to, among others, the availability of effective contraception especially in the 20th century. The third hypothesis was not satisfactorily supported. The fourth hypothesis was partially supported. For the 20th century part of the German list, the secondary sex ratio differed with high statistical significance from the ratio assumed to be valid for a general population.

"Wenn die Welt keinen Wert auf einen legt"

Wir leben in einer schnelllebigen unsicheren Welt. In einer Welt, in der fast jede Person schon einmal ein Gefühl von Wertlosigkeit und Ausgrenzung verspürt hat. Im vorliegenden an einer Schnittstelle zwischen Soziologie und Psychologie lokalisierten Dissertationsprojekt wird sich mit eben diesem aversiven Empfinden, sozial sowie gesellschaftlich überflüssig und ausgeschlossen zu sein, in Entstehung und möglichen Auswirkungen auseinandergesetzt. Dafür wurden eine deutschlandweite Telefon- und zwei experimentelle Laborstudien durchgeführt. Die theoretische und empirische Basis der Arbeit bilden soziologische Ansätze wie die Theorie der Desintegration (Anhut & Heitmeyer, 2000, 2009), psychologische Modelle wie das "Need-Threat"-Modell sozialer Ausgrenzung (Williams, 2009) und interdisziplinäre sozialwissenschaftliche Studien (Bude & Lantermann, 2006; Heitmeyer, 2002-2012; Lantermann, Döring-Seipel, Eierdanz & Gerhold, 2009). Die Befunde der Telefonstudie zeigen, dass die individuelle Wahrnehmung und Empfindung nicht unweigerlich vorhandene objektiv prekäre Lebenslagen akkurat spiegelt. So können ausgeprägte interne Ressourcen wie die des Kohärenzsinns einen positiven Effekt objektiver zum Beispiel finanzieller und/oder sozialer Prekarität auf subjektives soziales sowie gesellschaftliches Exklusionsempfinden abschwächen. Auch zeigte sich im experimentellen Kontext, dass induzierter sozialer Ausschluss nicht zu empfundener sozialer Exklusion führen muss. Als mögliche Auswirkungen empfundener sozialer und gesellschaftlicher Exklusion wurden ein Streben nach sozialem Anschluss über eine verstärkte Identifikation mit sozialen Eigengruppen wie der religiösen oder nationalen Eigengruppe (Telefonstudie, Laborstudie II) sowie ebenfalls aggressive feindselige Tendenzen über fremdenfeindliche oder antisemitische Haltungen (Telefonstudie) aufgedeckt. Weiterhin stellt generelle Selbstunsicherheit einen Mediator zwischen empfundener Exklusion und der sozialen Eigengruppenidentifikation über die nationale Eigengruppe dar (Telefonstudie). Ein Fokus des Dissertationsprojekts lag zudem auf einer ersten Untersuchung von Indikatoren eines kontrollbasierten Drei-Phasenmodells im Umgang mit subjektiv empfundener Exklusion (Telefonstudie, Laborstudie I). Basierend auf dem Modell kann ein Prozess empfundener Exklusion erstmalig empirisch analysiert werden, welcher sich auch in potenziellen Folgen wie einem erhöhten sozialen Anschlussstreben oder verstärkten aggressiven Tendenzen spiegeln sollte. Das Phasenmodell wurde aus den Theorien psychologischer Reaktanz (Brehm & Brehm, 1981), sekundärer Kontrolle (Rothbaum, Weisz & Snyder, 1982) und erlernter Hilflosigkeit (Seligman, 1975, 1992) abgeleitet. Aus den empirischen Befunden gezogene theoretische Schlussfolgerungen werden abschließend dargestellt und diskutiert. Zudem werden Hinweise für eine zukünftige Exklusionsforschung gegeben. So erscheint beispielsweise eine Differenzierung zwischen sozial und gesellschaftlich empfundener Exklusion auch hinsichtlich resultierender Gedanken, Gefühle und Verhaltensweisen für weitere sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen interessant.