How Death Guides Human Behavior - The Role of Cultural Norms and Values in Terror Management Theory

Die Dissertation besteht im Wesentlichen aus zwei Teilen: der Synopse und einem empirischen Teil. In der Synopse werden die Befunde aus dem empirischen Teil zusammengefasst und mit der bisherigen Forschungsliteratur in Zusammenhang gesetzt. Im empirischen Teil werden alle Studien, die für diese Dissertation durchgeführt wurden, in Paper-Format berichtet. Im ersten Teil der Synopse werden grundlegende Annahmen der Terror Management Theorie (TMT) dargelegt—mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf die Mortalitätssalienz (MS)-Hypothese, die besagt, dass die Konfrontation mit der eigenen Sterblichkeit die Motivation erhöht das eigene Weltbild zu verteidigen und nach Selbstwert zu streben. In diesem Kontext wird auch die zentrale Rolle von Gruppen erklärt. Basierend auf diesen beiden Reaktionen, wird TMT Literatur angeführt, die sich auf bestimmte kulturelle Werte und soziale Normen bezieht (wie prosoziale und pro-Umwelt Normen, materialistische und religiöse Werte, dem Wert der Ehrlichkeit, die Norm der Reziprozität und deskriptive Normen). Darüber hinaus werden Randbedingungen, wie Gruppenmitgliedschaft und Norm-Salienz, diskutiert. Zuletzt folgt eine Diskussion über die Rolle von Gruppen, der Funktion des Selbstwerts und über Perspektiven einer friedlichen Koexistenz. Der empirische Teil enthält elf Studien, die in acht Papern berichtet werden. Das erste Paper behandelt die Rolle von Gruppenmitgliedschaft unter MS, wenn es um die Bewertung von anderen geht. Das zweite Manuskript geht der Idee nach, dass Dominanz über andere für Sadisten eine mögliche Quelle für Selbstwert ist und daher unter MS verstärkt ausgeübt wird. Das dritte Paper untersucht prosoziales Verhalten in einer Face-to-Face Interaktion. Im vierten Paper wird gezeigt, dass Personen (z.B. Edward Snowden), die im Namen der Wahrheit handeln, unter MS positiver bewertet werden. Im fünften Paper zeigen zwei Studien, dass MS dazu führt, dass mögliche gelogene Aussagen kritischer beurteilt werden. Das sechste Paper zeigt, dass der Norm der Reziprozität unter MS stärker zugestimmt wird. Das siebte Paper geht der Frage nach, inwiefern MS das Einhalten dieser Norm beeinflusst. Und schließlich wird im achten Paper gezeigt, dass MS die Effektivität der Door-in-the-Face Technik erhöht—eine Technik, die auf der Norm der Reziprozität basiert.

Recycling urban waste as possible use for rooftop vegetable garden

Urban authorities in Europe are confronted with increasing demands by urban dwellers for allotment gardens, but vacant urban soil tends to be scarce and/or polluted by past industrial activities. A possible solution for local authorities could therefore be to promote rooftop gardening. However little technical information exists on certain forms of rooftop urban agriculture, called Z-Farming. In 2012, a pilot experiment was run in Paris (France). Simple and cheap systems of rooftop gardening were tested on a rooftop using as crop substrates only local urban organic waste so as to contribute to the urban metabolism. Production levels and heavy metal contents in cropping substrates and edible vegetables were measured. Available results show (i) high levels of crop production with limited inputs compared to land professional gardening, (ii) low levels of heavy metal pollutants in the edible parts of the crops, especially for Cd and Pb with respect to EU norms for vegetables and (iii) positive influence on yields on organizing the substrate in layers and enhancing the biological activity through earthworm inoculation. These encouraging results allow us to consider that rooftop gardening is feasible and seem to have a great potential to improve urban resiliency. It will nevertheless be necessary to identify more precisely the types of roof that can be used and to assess more fully the generic result of the low level of pollution, as well as the global sustainability of these cropping systems.

Technical and scale efficiency of cassava production system in Delta State, Nigeria: an application of Two-Stage DEA approach

The present study examines the level of pure technical and scale efficiencies of cassava production system including its sub-processes (that is production and processing stages) of 278 cassava farmers/processors from three regions of Delta State, Nigeria by applying Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. Results reveal that pure technical efficiency (PTE) is significantly lower at the production stage 0.41 vs 0.55 for the processing stage, but scale efficiency (SE) is high at both stages (0.84 and 0.87), implying that productivity can be improved substantially by reallocation of resources and adjusting operation size. The socio-economic determinants exert differential impacts on PTE and SE at each stage. Overall, education, experience and main occupation as farmer significantly improve SE while subsistence pressure reduces it. Extension contact significantly improves SE at the processing stage but reduces PTE and SE overall. Inverse size-PTE and size-SE relationships exist in cassava production system. In other words, large/medium farms are technically and scale inefficient. Gender gap exists in performance. Male farmers are technically efficient at processing stage but scale inefficient overall. Farmers in northern region are technically efficient. Investments in education, extension services and infrastructure are suggested as policy options to improve the cassava sector in Nigeria.

Determinants of technical efficiency of freshwater prawn farming in southwestern Bangladesh

This paper estimates a translog stochastic production function to examine the determinants of technical efficiency of freshwater prawn farming in Bangladesh. Primary data has been collected using random sampling from 90 farmers of three villages in southwestern Bangladesh. Prawn farming displayed much variability in technical efficiency ranging from 9.50 to 99.94% with mean technical efficiency of 65%, which suggested a substantial 35% of potential output can be recovered by removing inefficiency. For a land scarce country like Bangladesh this gain could help increase income and ensure better livelihood for the farmers. Based on the translog production function specification, farmers could be made scale efficient by providing more input to produce more output. The results suggest that farmers’ education and non-farm income significantly improve efficiency whilst farmers’ training, farm distance from the water canal and involvement in fish farm associations reduces efficiency. Hence, the study proposes strategies such as less involvement in farming-related associations and raising the effective training facilities of the farmers as beneficial adjustments for reducing inefficiency. Moreover, the key policy implication of the analysis is that investment in primary education would greatly improve technical efficiency.