3 resultados para Spatial pattern and association
em Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, Universität Kassel, Germany
Resumo:
Agro-ecological resource use pattern in a traditional hill agricultural watershed in Garhwal Himalaya was analysed along an altitudinal transect. Thirty one food crops were found, although only 0.5% agriculture land is under irrigation in the area. Fifteen different tree species within agroforestry systems were located and their density varied from 30-90 trees/ha. Grain yield, fodder from agroforest trees and crop residue were observed to be highest between 1200 and 1600 m a.s.l. Also the annual energy input- output ratio per hectare was highest between 1200 and 1600 m a.s.l. (1.46). This higher input- output ratio between 1200-1600 m a.s.l. was attributed to the fact that green fodder, obtained from agroforestry trees, was considered as farm produce. The energy budget across altitudinal zones revealed 95% contribution of the farmyard manure and the maximum output was in terms of either crop residue (35%) or fodder (55%) from the agroforestry component. Presently on average 23%, 29% and 41% cattle were dependent on stall feeding in villages located at higher, lower and middle altitudes respectively. Similarly, fuel wood consumption was greatly influenced by altitude and family size. The efficiency and sustainability of the hill agroecosystem can be restored by strengthening of the agroforestry component. The approach will be appreciated by the local communities and will readily find their acceptance and can ensure their effective participation in the programme.
Resumo:
This is an empirical study with theoretical interpretation and elaboration simultaneously on the migration process and the related spatial development in contemporary China. In so doing, there is always a combination of series of studies of the modernization of the migrants themselves with accumulation of forms of capital and changes of lebenswelt (life world) as well as the regions of their origins by the effective use of the gained resources from outgoing migration and remigration. With great efforts made to put the issues together for analysis, the author has taken three approaches to the study based on the political and economic institutional arrangements, the field work data and the elaboration of respective findings. First, as the analytical parts of the institutional changes, which have gone through the whole research, many of the policies from state level to townships involved in the migration, remigration and spatial development have been interpreted with Chinese political and cultural insight. The making of these, as the means of understanding the contexts of macro level and micro level cases is served as key linkages between scholarly imagination and social reality. Indeed most of the discussions made to explain the phenomena such as the sudden upsurge of migration flows, the emergence of three generations, the strong and weak trends of remigration as well as the related spatial development planning, etc are mainly due to the domination, at least the impact of governments decision-making in spite of growing market functioning in often operative manners. Secondly, case studies of the effects of migration and remigration are carried out between the years of 1995 and 2005 in the costal urban regions as designations and the interior rural regions as origins. Conducted mainly by the author, the cases drawn in the research focus on the process of migration with an accumulation of forms of capital away from home and the effective use of the resources flowing back to home areas. As a result, ways of accumulation and utilization of the economic, social and cultural capital are described and interpreted in terms of the development and modernization of both the migrants themselves and the regions where they come out from or move to in the future. Thirdly, in accordance with the findings generated from the cases, the author proposes in the final chapter an important argumentation as conclusion that the duel social-economic structure will inevitably be broken up and reformulated with flows of migrants and forms of capital they possess as types of future spatial development that will be put into practice. With scenarios and all the other conclusions worked out in the end, the research concludes that the pluralistic spatial development in the condition of constant space flows between regions can be a decisive line of thinking in the process of urbanization, industrialization and modernization in the long run in the future. Since this is an exploratory study of the past and present, the author has left some space open for academic debates and put forward suggestions on the inclusion of future research before implementing policies necessary for migration associated spatial practice and development.
Resumo:
Abstract: This dissertation generally concentrates on the relationships between gender and space in the present time of urban life in capital city of Tehran. Gender as a changing social construct, differentiated within societies and through time, studied this time by investigation on gender attitude or gender identity means attitudes towards gender issues regarding Tehran residences. Space as a concept integrated from physical and social constituents investigated through focus on spatial attitude means attitudes towards using living spaces including private space of house, semi private semi public space of neighborhood and finally public spaces of the city. Activities and practices in space concentrated instead of physical space; this perspective to space discussed as the most justified implication of space in this debate regarding current situations in city of Tehran. Under a systematic approach, the interactions and interconnections between gender and space as two constituent variables of social organization investigated by focus on the different associations presented between different gender identities and their different spatial identities; in fact, spatial identity manifests gender identity and in opposite direction, spatial identity influences to construction of gender identity. The hypotheses of case study in Tehran defined as followed: Gender identity is reflected on spatial identity. Various gender identities in Tehran present different perspectives of space or they identify space by different values. As gender identity internalizes patriarchal oppression, it internalizes associated spatial oppression too. Within the same social class, different gender identities related to men and women, present interconnected qualities, compared with gender identities related to men or women of different social classes. This situation could be found in the spatial perspectives of different groups of men and women too. Following the upper hypotheses, spatial oppression differs among social classes of Tehran living in different parts of this city. This research undertook a qualitative study in Tehran by interviewing with different parents of both young daughter and son regarding their attitudes towards gender issues from one side and activities and behaviors of their children in different spaces from the other side. Results of case study indicated the parallel changes of parents attitudes towards gender and spatial issues; it means strong connection between gender and space. It revealed association of equal spatial attitudes with open, neutral gender attitudes, and also the association of biased, unequal spatial identities with conservative patriarchal gender identities. It was cleared too that this variable concept gender space - changes by sex; mothers comparing fathers presented more equitable notions towards gender spatial issues. It changes too by social class and educational level, that means gender spatial identity getting more open equitable among more educated people of middle and upper classes. Breadwinning status in the family also presents its effect on the changes of gender spatial identity so participant breadwinners in the family expressed relatively more equitable notions comparing householders and housekeepers. And finally, gender spatial identity changes through place in the city and regarding South North line of the city. The illustration of changes of gender spatial identity from open to conservative among society indicated not only vertical variation across social classes, furthermore the horizontal changing among each social class. These results also confirmed hypotheses while made precision on the third one regarding variable of sex. More investigations pointed to some inclusive spatial attitudes throughout society penetrated to different groups of gender identities, to opens as to conservatives, also to groups between them, by two opposite features; first kind, conservative biased spatial practices in favor of patriarchal gender relations and the second, progressive neutral actions in favor of equal gender relations. While the major reason for the inclusive conservative practices was referred to the social insecurity for women, the second neutral ones associated to more formal & safer spaces of the city. In conclusion, while both trends are associated deeply with the important issues of sex & body in patriarchal thoughts, still strong, they are the consequences of the transitional period of social change in macro level, and the challenges involved regarding interactions between social orders, between old system of patriarchy, the traditional biased gender spatial relations and the new one of equal relations. The case study drew an inhomogeneous illustration regarding gender spatial aspects of life in Tehran, the opposite groups of open and conservative, and the large group of semi open semi conservative between them. In macro perspective it presents contradicted social groups according their general life styles; they are the manifestations of challenging trends towards tradition and modernity in Iranian society. This illustration while presents unstable social situations, necessitates probing solutions for social integration; exploring the directions could make heterogeneous social groups close in the way they think and the form they live in spaces. Democratic approaches like participatory development planning might be helpful for the city in its way to more solidarity and sustainability regarding its social spatial gender as well development, in macro levels of social spatial planning and in micro levels of physical planning, in private space of house and in public spaces of the city.
