Das Arbeitserziehungslager Breitenau (1940-1945). Ein Beitrag zum nationalsozialistischen Lagersystem

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der Geschichte des Arbeitserziehungslagers (AEL) Breitenau, das 1940 von der Gestapostelle Kassel auf dem Gelände der Landesarbeitsanstalt Breitenau in Guxhagen gegründet wurde und bis zum Kriegsende bestand. Darüber hinaus wird auch der Frage nachgegangen, wie nach der NS-Zeit mit der Geschichte des Lagers, den Opfern und den Tätern umgegangen wurde. Die Dissertation ist in drei Teile gegliedert. Der erste Teil gibt einen Überblick über die Geschichte der Geheimen Staatspolizeistelle Kassel, der das Lager unterstand und die als zentrale Verfolgungsbehörde für den Regierungsbezirk Kassel zuständig war. Dabei wird vor allem aufgezeigt, wie die Gestapostelle Kassel entstanden ist, wie sie aufgebaut war und wer die Leiter und Mitarbeiter während des Zweiten Weltkrieges waren, die die Verfolgungsmaßnahmen organisierten und durchführten. Der zweite Teil der Dissertation befasst sich mit der eigentlichen Lagergeschichte. Breitenau war eines der ersten Arbeitserziehungslager überhaupt. Die Hauptfunktion bestand darin, ausländische Zwangsarbeiter und Zwangsarbeiterinnen, die sich dem Arbeitseinsatz widersetzt hatten, durch harte Bestrafung gefügig zu machen. Gleichzeitig wurden in das AEL aber auch deutsche und ausländische Gefangene eingewiesen, die aus politischen, rassischen, religiösen oder weltanschaulichen Gründen verhaftet worden waren. Das Lager unterstand zwar der Geheimen Staatspolizei Kassel, wurde aber von den Bediensteten der Landesarbeitsanstalt mit geleitet. Im Verlaufe des Zweiten Weltkrieges waren im AEL Breitenau etwa 8.300 überwiegend ausländische Schutzhaftgefangene inhaftiert, unter denen sich ca. 1.900 Frauen und 6.400 Männer befanden. Bei den Einweisungen wirkten neben der Gestapostelle Kassel und der Gestapostelle Weimar zahlreiche Orts- und Kreispolizeibehörden mit, wodurch ein flächendeckender Verfolgungsapparat entstand. Insgesamt lassen sich über 1.000 letzte Wohnorte von Gefangenen ermitteln. Die Haft- und Lebensbedingungen im Lager waren vor allem für die ausländischen Gefangenen besonders unmenschlich, und es gab mehrere Todesfälle. Nachweislich wurden mehr als 750 Gefangene in Konzentrationslager deportiert, was für viele den Tod bedeutete. Außerdem wurden mindestens 18 polnische Gefangene von Angehörigen der Gestapo Kassel erhängt und noch unmittelbar vor Kriegsende ein Massenmord an 28 Gefangenen verübt. Erst mit dem Einmarsch der amerikanischen Soldaten am Ostersamstag 1945 wurde das Arbeitserziehungslager Breitenau endgültig aufgelöst. Im dritten Teil der Dissertation wird der Frage des Umgangs mit dem damaligen Geschehen nachgegangen. Dabei lässt sich feststellen, dass die Täter und Mittäter von deutschen Spruchkammern und Gerichten gar nicht oder kaum bestraft wurden. Gleichzeitig wurden ihnen verschiedene Möglichkeiten geboten, sich in die Gesellschaft zu integrieren. Die ehemaligen Gefangenen hatten dagegen keinen Anspruch auf Entschädigung, und auch eine gesellschaftliche Würdigung wurde ihnen versagt. Erst seit den 90er Jahren trat hier eine Veränderung ein, die allerdings für viele Verfolgte zu spät kam. Die Geschichte des Arbeitserziehungslagers Breitenau war viele Jahre verdrängt worden. Das Gelände diente bis 1949 als Landesarbeitsanstalt, dann als geschlossenes Erziehungsheim, und seit 1974 besteht dort eine psychiatrische Einrichtung. Erst 1979 wurde durch ein Forschungsprojekt an der Gesamthochschule Kassel die NS-Geschichte „wiederentdeckt“ und 1984 die Gedenkstätte Breitenau eingerichtet, die als Gedenk- und Bildungsort an das damalige Geschehen erinnert.

Labelling schemes for organic food: Consumer attitudes, preferences and willingness-to-pay in six European countries

Since July 2010, all pre-packed organic food produced in the European Union (EU) must carry the new mandatory EU logo for organic food. Voluntary organic labels (such as national governmental logos and logos of private farmers’ associations and control bodies) can still be used, but only in addition to the mandatory EU logo. This change in the regulatory environment of organic labelling raises a number of questions regarding consumer preferences for different kinds of organic certification logos, which the present dissertation addressed. The first objective was to explore and analyse consumer perceptions, attitudes, preferences and willingness-to-pay (WTP) regarding different voluntary organic labels. The second objective was to investigate consumer perceptions and attitudes towards a mandatory EU logo. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods of consumer research in six European countries was employed including focus group discussions, choice experiments and structured interviews. Based on the empirical results, recommendations are drawn for different actors in the organic sector.

Attitudes and behaviour towards food attributes and organic food – a triangular methodological investigation of occasional organic consumers

Organic food is increasingly available in the conventional food retail, where organic products are offered alongside with various other types of products and compete mainly with conventional and the so-called conventional-plus products. The latter are conventional products displaying particular quality attributes on the product packaging, such as ‘no artificial additives’, or ‘from animal welfare husbandry’. Often, these quality attributes also apply to organic products. Occasional organic consumers might prefer such conventional-plus alternatives that are perceived to be ‘between’ organic and conventional products. The overall objective of this PhD thesis was to provide information about the segment of occasional organic consumers. In particular, the thesis focussed on consumer perceptions and attitudes towards the quality of, and preferences for, organic, conventional and conventional-plus products in two countries: Germany and Switzerland. To achieve these objectives, qualitative and quantitative consumer research was combined in order to explore occasional organic consumers’ perceptions and attitudes as well as to observe their preferences and buying behaviour regarding different types of food products: organic, conventional and conventional-plus products. The qualitative research showed that, depending on single criteria, organic production was both positively as well as negatively assessed by consumers. Consumer perception of organic food was found to be highly selective and primarily focussed on the final stage of the particular production process. A major problem is that consumers are still mostly unfamiliar with factors associated with organic production, have a lack of confidence, and often confuse organic with conventional products. Besides this, consumer expectations of organic products are different from the expectations of conventional products. The quantitative research revealed that attitudes strongly determine consumers’ preferences for organic, conventional and conventional-plus products. Consumer attitudes tended to differ more between organic and conventional choices rather than conventional-plus and conventional choices. Furthermore, occasional organic consumers are heterogeneous in their preferences. They can be grouped into two segments: the consumers in one segment were less price sensitive and preferred organic products. The consumers in the other segment were more price sensitive and rather preferred conventional-plus or conventional products. To conclude, given the selective and subjective nature of consumer perception and the strong focus of consumer perception on the final stage of the food production process, specific additional values of organic farming should be communicated in clear and catchy messages. At the same time, these messages should be particularly focussed on the final stage of organic food production. The communication of specific added values in relation with organic products to improve the perceived price-performance-ratio is important since conventional-plus products represent an interesting alternative particularly for price sensitive occasional organic consumers. Besides this, it is important to strengthen affirmative consumer attitudes towards organic production. Therefore, policy support should emphasise on long-term communication campaigns and education programmes to increase the consumer awareness and knowledge of organic food and farming. Since consumers expect that organic food is regionally or at least domestically produced while they less accept organic imports, policy support of domestic and regional producers is a crucial measure to fill the current gap between the increasing consumer demand of organic food and the stagnation of the domestic and regional organic food supply.

Organic consumers' attitudes and preferences regarding alternatives to piglet castration without anaesthesia and analgesia in organic farming - an explorative analysis

In Germany and other European countries piglets are routinely castrated in order to avoid the occurrence of boar taint, an off-flavour and off-odour of pork. Sensory perception of boar taint varies; however, it is regarded as very unpleasant by many people. Surgical castration which is an effective means against boar taint has commonly been performed without anaesthesia or analgesia within the piglets’ first seven days of life. Piglet castration without anaesthesia has been heavily criticised, as the assumption that young piglets perceive less pain than older animals cannot be supported by scientific evidence. Consequently, surgical castration is only allowed with anaesthesia and/or analgesia in organic farming throughout the European Union since January 2012. Abandoning piglet castration without pain relief requires the implementation of alternative methods which improve animal welfare while maintaining sensory meat quality. There are three relevant alternatives: castration with anaesthesia and/or analgesia to reduce pain, a vaccination against boar taint (immunocastration) and the fattening of uncastrated male pigs (fattening of boars) combined with measures to reduce and detect boar taint in meat. Consumers’ attitudes and opinions regarding the alternatives are an important factor with regard to the implementation of alternatives, as they are finally supposed to buy the meat. The objective of this dissertation was to explore organic consumers’ attitudes, preferences and willingness-to-pay regarding piglet castration without pain relief and the three alternatives. Important aspects for the evaluation of the alternatives and influencing factors (e.g. information, taste) on preferences and willingness-to-pay should also be identified. In autumn 2009 nine focus group discussions were conducted each followed by a Vickrey auction including a tasting of boar salami. Overall, 89 consumers of organic pork participated in the study. Information on piglet castration and alternatives (in three variants) was provided as a basis for discussion. The focus group data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. In order to compare the focus group results with those from the auctions, an innovative approach applying an adapted scoring model to further analyse the data set was used. The majority of participants were not aware that piglets are castrated without anaesthesia in organic farming. They reacted shocked and disappointed on learning about this practice which did not fit into their image of animal welfare standards in organic farming. Overall, the results show, that for consumers of organic pork castration with anaesthesia and analgesia as well as the fattening of boars may be acceptable alternatives in organic farming. Considering the strong food safety concerns regarding immunocastration, acceptance of this alternative may be questioned. Communication regarding alternatives to piglet castration without anaesthesia and analgesia should take into account that the relevance of the aspects animal welfare, food safety, taste and costs differs between alternatives. Furthermore, it seems advisable not to address an unappetizing topic like piglet castration directly at the point of sale so as not to deter consumers from buying organic pork. The issue of piglet castration demonstrates exemplarily that it is important for the organic sector to implement and maintain high animal welfare standards and communicate them in an appropriate way, thereby trying to prevent strong discrepancies between consumers’ expectations regarding animal husbandry in organic farming and actual conditions. So, disappointment of consumers and a loss of image due to negative reports about animal welfare issues can be avoided.