Wahrnehmungspsychologische Evaluation eines dreidimensionalen Visualisierungssystems

Diese Arbeit beschreibt den Evaluationsprozess einer dreidimensionalen Visualisierungstechnik, die am Institut für periphere Mikroelektronik der Universität Kassel entwickelt wurde. Hinter der dreidimensionalen Darstellung mittels Linsenrasterscheibe verbirgt sich eine neue Dimension der Interaktion mit dem Computer. Im Vergleich zu gewöhnlichen dreidimensionalen Darstellungen, bei denen ein 3D-Objekt auf einer 2D-Fläche abgebildet wird und somit nach wie vor nicht aus der Bildschirmebene heraus kann, können bei der stereoskopen Darstellung die Objekte dreidimensional visualisiert werden. Die Objekte tauchen vor, beziehungsweise hinter der Darstellungsebene auf. Da die Linsenrasterscheibe bisher noch nicht wahrnehmungspsychologisch untersucht wurde und auch allgemein auf dem Gebiet der Evaluation von 3D-Systemen nur wenige Untersuchungen mit quantitativen Ergebnissen verfügbar sind (Vollbracht, 1997), besteht hier ein zentrales Forschungsinteresse. Um eine Evaluation dieses 3D-Systems durchzuführen, wird im Theorieteil der Arbeit zunächst der Begriff der Evaluation definiert. Des Weiteren werden die wahrnehmungspsychologischen Grundlagen der monokularen und binokularen Raumwahrnehmung erörtert. Anschließend werden Techniken zur Erzeugung von Tiefe in Bildern und auf Bildschirmen erläutert und die Unterschiede zwischen der technisch erzeugten und der natürlichen Tiefenwahrnehmung näher beleuchtet. Nach der Vorstellung verschiedener stereoskoper Systeme wird näher auf die autostereoskope Linsenrasterscheibe eingegangen. Zum Abschluss des theoretischen Teils dieser Arbeit wird die Theorie des eingesetzten Befindlichkeitsfragebogens veranschaulicht. Gegenstand des empirischen Teils dieser Arbeit sind zwei zentrale Fragestellungen. Erstens soll untersucht werden, ob durch den höheren Informationsgehalt grundlegende Wahrnehmungsleistungen in bestimmten Bereichen positiv beeinflusst werden können. Zweitens soll untersucht werden, ob sich die höhere visuelle Natürlichkeit und die Neuartigkeit der Bildpräsentation auch auf die subjektive Befindlichkeit der Probanden auswirkt. Die empirische Überprüfung dieser Hypothesen erfolgt mittels dreier Experimente. Bei den ersten beiden Experimenten stehen grundlegende wahrnehmungspsychologische Leistungen im Vordergrund, während in der dritten Untersuchung der Bereich der subjektiven Befindlichkeit gemessen wird. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Des Weiteren werden konkrete Einsatzmöglichkeiten für die Linsenrasterscheibe aufgezeigt und denkbare nachfolgende experimentelle Vorgehensweisen skizziert.

Der Fall Sebnitz

In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz soll den Ereignissen in Sebnitz um den Tod des kleinen Joseph im Sommer 2000 nachgegangen werden. Dieses Ereignis ist voll von kollektiven Wahrnehmungsverzerrungen und eignet sich gut, die Möglichkeiten kritisch-psychologischer Perspektiven aufzuzeigen. Psychologische Betrachtungsweisen und Analysen können helfen, die politischen Ereignisse und Zusammenhänge einem vertieften Verstehen zuzuführen.

Verbal proficiency as fitness indicator: Experimental and comparative research on the evolutionary psychology of language and verbal displays

Summary: Recent research on the evolution of language and verbal displays (e.g., Miller, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2002) indicated that language is not only the result of natural selection but serves as a sexually-selected fitness indicator that is an adaptation showing an individual’s suitability as a reproductive mate. Thus, language could be placed within the framework of concepts such as the handicap principle (Zahavi, 1975). There are several reasons for this position: Many linguistic traits are highly heritable (Stromswold, 2001, 2005), while naturally-selected traits are only marginally heritable (Miller, 2000a); men are more prone to verbal displays than women, who in turn judge the displays (Dunbar, 1996; Locke & Bogin, 2006; Lange, in press; Miller, 2000a; Rosenberg & Tunney, 2008); verbal proficiency universally raises especially male status (Brown, 1991); many linguistic features are handicaps (Miller, 2000a) in the Zahavian sense; most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age (Miller, 1999). However, neither an experimental study investigating the causal relation between verbal proficiency and attractiveness, nor a study showing a correlation between markers of literary and mating success existed. In the current studies, it was aimed to fill these gaps. In the first one, I conducted a laboratory experiment. Videos in which an actor and an actress performed verbal self-presentations were the stimuli for counter-sex participants. Content was always alike, but the videos differed on three levels of verbal proficiency. Predictions were, among others, that (1) verbal proficiency increases mate value, but that (2) this applies more to male than to female mate value due to assumed past sex-different selection pressures causing women to be very demanding in mate choice (Trivers, 1972). After running a two-factorial analysis of variance with the variables sex and verbal proficiency as factors, the first hypothesis was supported with high effect size. For the second hypothesis, there was only a trend going in the predicted direction. Furthermore, it became evident that verbal proficiency affects long-term more than short-term mate value. In the second study, verbal proficiency as a menstrual cycle-dependent mate choice criterion was investigated. Basically the same materials as in the former study were used with only marginal changes in the used questionnaire. The hypothesis was that fertile women rate high verbal proficiency in men higher than non-fertile women because of verbal proficiency being a potential indicator of “good genes”. However, no significant result could be obtained in support of the hypothesis in the current study. In the third study, the hypotheses were: (1) most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age. (2) The more works of high literary quality a male writer produces, the more mates and children he has. (3) Lyricists have higher mating success than non-lyric writers because of poetic language being a larger handicap than other forms of language. (4) Writing literature increases a man’s status insofar that his offspring shows a significantly higher male-to-female sex ratio than in the general population, as the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (Trivers & Willard, 1973) applied to literature predicts. In order to test these hypotheses, two famous literary canons were chosen. Extensive biographical research was conducted on the writers’ mating successes. The first hypothesis was confirmed; the second one, controlling for life age, only for number of mates but not entirely regarding number of children. The latter finding was discussed with respect to, among others, the availability of effective contraception especially in the 20th century. The third hypothesis was not satisfactorily supported. The fourth hypothesis was partially supported. For the 20th century part of the German list, the secondary sex ratio differed with high statistical significance from the ratio assumed to be valid for a general population.

Accuracy of outcome anticipation, but not gaze behavior, differs against left- and right-handed penalties in team-handball goalkeeping

Low perceptual familiarity with relatively rarer left-handed as opposed to more common right-handed individuals may result in athletes' poorer ability to anticipate the former's action intentions. Part of such left-right asymmetry in visual anticipation could be due to an inefficient gaze strategy during confrontation with left-handed individuals. To exemplify, observers may not mirror their gaze when viewing left- vs. right-handed actions but preferentially fixate on an opponent's right body side, irrespective of an opponent's handedness, owing to the predominant exposure to right-handed actions. So far empirical verification of such assumption, however, is lacking. Here we report on an experiment where team-handball goalkeepers' and non-goalkeepers' gaze behavior was recorded while they predicted throw direction of left- and right-handed 7-m penalties shown as videos on a computer monitor. As expected, goalkeepers were considerably more accurate than non-goalkeepers and prediction was better against right- than left-handed penalties. However, there was no indication of differences in gaze measures (i.e., number of fixations, overall and final fixation duration, time-course of horizontal or vertical fixation deviation) as a function of skill group or the penalty-takers' handedness. Findings suggest that inferior anticipation of left-handed compared to right-handed individuals' action intentions may not be associated with misalignment in gaze behavior. Rather, albeit looking similarly, accuracy differences could be due to observers' differential ability of picking up and interpreting the visual information provided by left- vs. right-handed movements.