Organic field-effect transistors and phototransistors based on amorphous materials

A comparison between the charge transport properties in low molecular amorphous thin films of spiro-linked compound and their corresponding parent compound has been demonstrated. The field-effect transistor method is used for extracting physical parameters such as field-effect mobility of charge carriers, ON/OFF ratios, and stability. In addition, phototransistors have been fabricated and demonstrated for the first time by using organic materials. In this case, asymmetrically spiro-linked compounds are used as active materials. The active materials used in this study can be divided into three classes, namely Spiro-linked compounds (symmetrically spiro-linked compounds), the corresponding parent-compounds, and photosensitive spiro-linked compounds (asymmetrically spiro-linked com-pounds). Some of symmetrically spiro-linked compounds used in this study were 2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis-(di-phenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-TAD),2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis-(N,N'-di-p-methylphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-TTB), 2,2',7,7'-Tetra-(m-tolyl-phenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-TPD), and 2,2Ž,7,7Ž-Tetra-(N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine)-9,9Ž-spirobifluorene (Spiro alpha-NPB). Related parent compounds of the symmetrically spiro-linked compound used in this study were N,N,N',N'-Tetraphenylbenzidine (TAD), N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)benzidine (TTB), N,N'-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (TPD), and N,N'-Diphenyl-N,N'-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (alpha-NPB). The photosensitive asymmetrically spiro-linked compounds used in this study were 2,7-bis-(N,N'-diphenylamino)-2',7'-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-DPSP), and 2,7-bis-(N,N'-diphenylamino)-2',7'-bis(spirobifluorene-2-yl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-DPSP^2). It was found that the field-effect mobilities of charge carriers in thin films of symmetrically spiro-linked compounds and their corresponding parent compounds are in the same order of magnitude (~10^-5 cm^2/Vs). However, the thin films of the parent compounds were easily crystallized after the samples have been exposed in ambient atmosphere and at room temperature for three days. In contrast, the thin films and the transistor characteristics of symmetrically spiro-linked compound did not change significantly after the samples have been stored in ambient atmosphere and at room temperature for several months. Furthermore, temperature dependence of the mobility was analyzed in two models, namely the Arrhenius model and the Gaussian Disorder model. The Arrhenius model tends to give a high value of the prefactor mobility. However, it is difficult to distinguish whether the temperature behaviors of the material under consideration follows the Arrhenius model or the Gaussian Disorder model due to the narrow accessible range of the temperatures. For the first time, phototransistors have been fabricated and demonstrated by using organic materials. In this case, asymmetrically spiro-linked compounds are used as active materials. Intramolecular charge transfer between a bis(diphenylamino)biphenyl unit and a sexiphenyl unit leads to an increase in charge carrier density, providing the amplification effect. The operational responsivity of better than 1 A/W can be obtained for ultraviolet light at 370 nm, making the device interesting for sensor applications. This result offers a new potential application of organic thin film phototransistors as low-light level and low-cost visible blind ultraviolet photodetectors.

Prediction of some thermodynamic properties of selected compounds of element 104

A set of parametrized equations has been published by Bratsch and Lagowski for calculating thermodynamic properties of the lanthanides, actinides, element 104, and certainrelated elements. Since these equations were applied to element 104, new values for the first four ionization energies and radii of the ions of charge +1, +2, +3, and +4 have been calculated for this element. The parametrized equations are used here with these new values to calculate some thermodynamic properties of element 104.

Synthesis of N-amino compounds and C2 symmetric N-amino compounds and transformation into aziridines using olefins

Aziridine, Stickstoffanaloga der Epoxide, können regio- und stereoselektive Ringöffnungsreaktionen eingehen, wodurch ihnen als „building blocks“ in der Organischen Synthese eine große Bedeutung zukommt. In dieser Arbeit wurden unterschiedliche N-Aminoverbindungen synthetisiert sowie die Anwendungsmöglichkeit dieser Hydrazinderivate als Stickstoffquellen in Aziridinierungen von Olefinen untersucht. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde eine neue Methode zur Darstellung von N-Aminosuccinimid entwickelt und die Einsatzmöglichkeit als Stickstoffquelle in Aziridinierungsreaktionen in einer Reihe von Umsetzungen mit funktionalisierten ebenso wie mit nicht-funktionalisierten Olefinen demonstriert. Die ableitbaren Aziridine wurden hierbei in Ausbeuten von bis zu 80 % erhalten. In der Aziridinierungsreaktion von N-Aminosuccinimid mit 4,7-Dihydro-2-isopropyl-1,3-dioxepin resultieren bicyclische Aziridinierungsprodukte, die als endo/exo-Isomere in einem 1:1-Verhältnis anfallen. Es ist in dieser Arbeit gelungen, die Isomere in guten Ausbeuten zu erhalten, sie säulenchromatographisch zu trennen und ihre Konfiguration im festen Zustand mittels Kristallstrukturanalyse eindeutig zu bestimmen. Enantiomerenangereicherte Olefine, wie z. B. in 2-Position alkylsubstituierte 5-Methyl-4H-1,3-dioxine mit Enantiomerenüberschüssen von 92% ee liefern in der Aziridinierung mit N-Aminosuccinimid und Iodosylbenzol ein 4-Methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-4-carbaldehydderivat in einer zweistufigen Reaktion- der Aziridinierung und einer Umlagerung- ein 4-Methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-4-carbaldehydderivat. Für die Diastereoselektivität des Aziridinierungsschrittes wurde 65 % de bestimmt. In einer neuen Synthese über zwei Stufen ausgehend von (+)-3,4-Dimethoxysuccinanhydrid konnte ein chiraler Stickstoffüberträger - (+)-N-Amino-3,4-dimethoxysuccinimid - in Ausbeuten bis zu 86 % synthetisiert. Die Umsetzung dieser optisch aktiven Stickstoffquelle mit einer Vielzahl prochiraler Alkene führt zu diastereomeren Aziridinen in Ausbeuten bis zu 65% und Diastereoselektivitäten von bis zu 66% de. Anhand ausgewählter Verbindungen konnten die Absolutkonfigurationen der Reaktionsprodukte mittels Kristallstrukturanalyse eindeutig geklärt werden.

Optical amplification and stability of spiroquaterphenyl compounds and blends

In this contribution, we present a systematic investigation on a series of spiroquaterphenyl compounds optimised for solid state lasing in the near ultraviolet (UV). Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) thresholds in the order of 1 μJ/cm2 are obtained in neat (undiluted) films and blends, with emission peaks at 390 1 nm for unsubstituted and meta-substituted quaterphenyls and 400 4 nm for para-ether substituted quaterphenyls. Mixing with a transparent matrix retains a low threshold, shifts the emission to lower wavelengths and allows a better access to modes having their intensity maximum deeper in the film. Chemical design and blending allow an independent tuning of optical and processing properties such as the glass transition.

A pilot investigation of the relationship between climate variability and milk compounds under the bootstrap technique

This study analyzes the linear relationship between climate variables and milk components in Iran by applying bootstrapping to include and assess the uncertainty. The climate parameters, Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI) are computed from the NASA-Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (NASA-MERRA) reanalysis (2002–2010). Milk data for fat, protein (measured on fresh matter bases), and milk yield are taken from 936,227 milk records for the same period, using cows fed by natural pasture from April to September. Confidence intervals for the regression model are calculated using the bootstrap technique. This method is applied to the original times series, generating statistically equivalent surrogate samples. As a result, despite the short time data and the related uncertainties, an interesting behavior of the relationships between milk compound and the climate parameters is visible. During spring only, a weak dependency of milk yield and climate variations is obvious, while fat and protein concentrations show reasonable correlations. In summer, milk yield shows a similar level of relationship with ETI, but not with temperature and THI. We suggest this methodology for studies in the field of the impacts of climate change and agriculture, also environment and food with short-term data.