Evaluating the state of the art of parallel programming systems

This paper describes our plans to evaluate the present state of affairs concerning parallel programming and its systems. Three subprojects are proposed: a survey among programmers and scientists, a comparison of parallel programming systems using a standard set of test programs, and a wiki resource for the parallel programming community - the Parawiki. We would like to invite you to participate and turn these subprojects into true community efforts.

Observations on the Publicity and Usage of Parallel Programming Systems and Languages: A Survey Approach

In this publication, we report on an online survey that was carried out among parallel programmers. More than 250 people worldwide have submitted answers to our questions, and their responses are analyzed here. Although not statistically sound, the data we provide give useful insights about which parallel programming systems and languages are known and in actual use. For instance, the collected data indicate that for our survey group MPI and (to a lesser extent) C are the most widely used parallel programming system and language, respectively.

Femtosecond real-time probing of reactions. 12. Vectorial dynamics of transition states

Femtosecond time-resolved techniques with KETOF (kinetic energy time-of-flight) detection in a molecular beam are developed for studies of the vectorial dynamics of transition states. Application to the dissociation reaction of IHgI is presented. For this system, the complex [I---Hg---I](++)* is unstable and, through the symmetric and asymmetric stretch motions, yields different product fragments: [I---Hg---I](++)* -> HgI(X^2/sigma^+) + I(^2P_3/2) [or I*(^2P_l/2)] (1a); [I---Hg---I](++)* -> Hg(^1S_0) + I(^2P_3/2) + I(^2P_3/2) [or I* (^2P_1/2)] (1 b). These two channels, (1a) and (1b), lead to different kinetic energy distributions in the products. It is shown that the motion of the wave packet in the transition-state region can be observed by MPI mass detection; the transient time ranges from 120 to 300 fs depending on the available energy. With polarized pulses, the vectorial properties (transition moments alignment relative to recoil direction) are studied for fragment separations on the femtosecond time scale. The results indicate the nature of the structure (symmetry properties) and the correlation to final products. For 311-nm excitation, no evidence of crossing between the I and I* potentials is found at the internuclear separations studied. (Results for 287-nm excitation are also presented.) Molecular dynamics simulations and studies by laser-induced fluorescence support these findings.

Fundamental interactions of molecules (Na_2, Na_3) with intense femtosecond laser pulses

The real-time dynamics of multiphoton ionization and fragmentation of molecules Na_2 and Na_3 has been studied in molecular beam experiments employing ion and electron spectroscopy together with femtosecond pump-probe techniques. Experiments with Na_2 and Na_3 reveal unexpected features of the dynamics of the absorption of several photons as seen in the one- and three-dimensional vibrational wave packet motion in different potential surfaces and in high laser fields: In Na_2 a second major resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) process is observed, involving the excitation of two electrons and subsequent electronic autoionization. The possibility of controlling a reaction by controlling the duration of propagation of a wave packet on an electronically-excited surface is demonstrated. In high laser fields, the contributions from direct photoionization and from the second REMPI process to the total ion yield change, due to different populations in the electronic states participating in the multiphoton ionization (MPI) processes. In addition, a vibrational wave packet motion in the electronic ground state is induced through stimulated emission pumping by the pump laser. The 4^1 \summe^+_g shelf state of Na_2 is given as an example for performing frequency spectroscopy of highlying electronic states in the time domain. Pure wave packet effects, such as the spreading and the revival of a vibrational wave packet, are investigated. The three-dimensional wave packet motion in the Na_3 reflects the normal modes in the X and B states, and shows in addition the pseudorotational motion in the B state in real time.

Modellbasierte Diagnose am Beispiel der Zylinderdrucksensorik von Ottomotoren

Die Diagnose von Fehlern des Zylinderdrucksensors wird anhand eines Ottomotors mit Saugrohreinspritzung (MPI) vorgestellt. Die physikalischen Zusammenhänge und die Einflussgrößen auf das Drehmoment des Motors werden erläutert. Hierzu werden verschiedene Modellansätze vorgestellt sowie eine Variation der Modelleingangsgrößen durchgeführt. Anhand des Verfahrens der analytischen Redundanz werden Residuen abgeleitet und die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber bestimmten Fehlertypen aufgezeigt. Dadurch ist eine Trennung von Fehlern des Zylinderdrucksensors gegenüber motorischen Toleranzen oder nicht zylinderdrucksensorbasierten Fehlern möglich. Handelt es sich bei dem verwendeten Motorkonzept um einen Ottomotor mit quantitätsbasierter Laststeuerung, d.h. mit gleichbleibender Gemischzusammensetzung (i.d.R. Luft-/Kraftstoffverhältnis =1), so kann bei erkanntem Fehler des Zylinderdrucksensors eine weitere Aufteilung nach verschiedenen Fehlertypen erfolgen (z.B. Hysterese, Verstärkungsfehler). Auf diese Weise können Sensortoleranzen wie der Verstärkungsfehler des Zylinderdrucksensors durch eine Adaption korrigiert werden. Die Diagnosefunktion und die Verstärkungsadaption wurde erfolgreich an einem 2,0l-Ottomotor (MPI) ohne externe Abgasrückführung (AGR) und ohne kontinuierliche Nockenwellenverstellung (KNWE) durchgeführt, wobei die erwähnten Einschränkungen in Bezug auf die Betriebsbereiche zu berücksichtigen sind. Anhand der Modellstreuungen und Modellungenauigkeiten sind die Grenzen der Diagnose und der Adaption aufgezeigt worden. Die auf einem Prototypensteuergerät implementierten Algorithmen sind echtzeitfähig, wenngleich für die Zylinderdruck- und Drehzahlauswertung eine hohe Rechenleistung erforderlich ist.