Alltag, Organisationskultur und beruflicher Habitus

Aus der Einleitung: "Weder in den klassischen, allgemein erziehungswissenschaftlichen Hand- und Wörterbüchern der letzten drei Dekaden (vgl. u.a. Speck/Wehle 1970; Lenzen 1989; Krüger/Grunert 2004) noch in den entsprechenden Überblickspublikationen der Sozialpädagogik (vgl. u.a. Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge 2002; Lauermann/Knapp 2003; Otto/Thiersch 2005; Kreft/Mielenz 2005) werden Frage- und Problemstellungen der Relation von Distanz und Nähe – zumindest nicht unter dieser Titulatur – diskutiert. Demgegenüber wird in den pflegeorientierten und gesundheitspräventiven wie auch patientenbezogenen Diskussionen der Medizin, in der Theologie und Ethnologie, in der Medien- und Migrationwissenschaft, der Germanistik und der vergleichenden Geschichtswissenschaft sowie in den psychotherapeutischen Diskursen der Nähe-Distanz-Problematik größere Aufmerksamkeit zuteil als in den pädagogischen und erziehungswissenschaftlichen Reflexionen und Diskursen. Wenn sie dennoch Objekt von erziehungswissenschaftlich gefärbten Beobachtungen wird, dann nur mittelbar und allenfalls in Randnotizen, wenn es – thematisch eingegrenzt – um das Ausbalancieren von Distanz und Nähe in den Beziehungen von PädagogInnen und AdressatInnen und der in diesem pädagogischen Verhältnis eingelagerten Intimität geht (vgl. u. a. Bittner/Rehm 1966). Die 'Erotik' im pädagogischen Alltag, die Ängste und die Verdrängungen dieser Dimension durch Aufbau von Distanz oder schließlich die Angst, durch eine zu große Nähe zu den AdressatInnen 'Kontrolle' über den Beruf zu 'verlieren', bleiben weitgehend ebenso unbeleuchtet wie eine nähere Betrachtung der Auswirkungen von zu viel Nähe zu Beruf und AdressatInnen auf die privaten, intimen wie freundschaftlichen Beziehungen (aus ethnopsychoanalytischer Perspektive hierzu u. a. Parin 1978). Zudem wird das Verhältnis von Nähe und Distanz – wenn überhaupt – jeweils spezifisch und auf eine je eigene Art als ein individuelles, nicht jedoch als ein in die Organisation des Pädagogischen immanent eingelagertes Problem beleuchtet, das sich zusätzlich aus den in den jeweiligen pädagogischen Arbeitsfeldern eingelagerten Handlungslogiken speist. Selbstverständlich kann das ambivalente Verhältnis von Nähe und Distanz nicht aus dem personalen Kontext entlassen werden. Wie immer es auch gewendet und thematisiert wird, es bleibt eine in Interaktionen eingewobene Polarität. Doch, und darauf zielen die Suchbewegungen in diesem Beitrag ab, wird es im pädagogischen Alltag von der jeweiligen Kultur der Organisation des Pädagogischen respektive der Sozialen Arbeit gerahmt – quasi kontextualisiert – und geprägt von den jeweils different modellierten beruflichen Habitus der professionellen AkteurInnen. Organisationskulturelle und habituelle Rahmungen des interaktiven Geschehens wiederum sind nicht ohne die Betrachtung der jeweils vorzufindenden feldspezifischen Regeln (vgl. Bourdieu/Wacquant 1996; zur Berücksichtigung einer Theorie des pädagogischen Feldes für Professionalisierung und Qualität vgl. Honig 2004). Diesen Rahmungen von Distanz und Nähe wird nachfolgend nachgespürt, indem erstens einige Beobachtungen aus dem sozialpädagogischen Alltag vorgestellt (1) und sie zweitens hinsichtlich der Ausbuchstabierung von Distanz und Nähe betrachtet werden (2). Drittens werden die bisherigen Überlegungen mit einem weiteren Fallportrait angereichert (3), um schließlich zu rekonstruieren, in welche Modalitäten Nähe und Distanz habituell, organisationskulturell und feldspezifisch eingebunden sind (4)."

Double photoionization of argon into the {3s3p^5} {^1P}- and {^3P}-states

Double photoionization of argon was studied by photon induced fluorescence spectroscopy (PIFS). Cross sections for the double photoionization into the {3s3p^5} {^1P}, {^3P} states of Ar^{+ +} are presented for exciting photon energies between threshold and 120 eV. In the threshold range the energy dependencies of these cross sections were determined for the first time. Singlet and triplet states are populated with comparable probabilities at equal excess energies, in contrast to predictions of the extended Wannier theory. At hv = 100eV the spin-or-bit splitting of the 3s3p^5 ^3P state was resolved, and a cross section for the production of Ar^{+ +} {3s^0}{3p^6 } {^1S_0} was determined for the first time.

Fluorescence studies on the 3d-ionization threshold range in krypton

Krypton atoms were excited by photons in the energy range from the threshold for photoionization of the 3d-electrons up to 120 eV. and the fluorescence radiation in the spectral range from 780 to 965 A was observed and analyzed. Cross sections for the population of excited states in KrIII with at least one 4s-hole resulting from an Auger transition as the first decay step and for KrII satellites were determined. The energy dependence of the 3d-ionization cross section in the 3d{_5/2}- and the 3d{_3/2}-threshold range was derived from the experimental data. The cross sections for production of KrII states were found to follow the energy dependence of the 3d-cross sections.

Absolute Kr 4s-electron photoionization cross sections between 30 and 90 eV measured by photon-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (PIFS)

Absolute Kr 4s-electron photoionization cross sections as a function of the exciting-photon energy between 30 and 90 eV were measured by photon-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (PIFS). The measurements were compared with available experimental data and theoretical calculations.

Double-autoionization decay of resonantly excited single-electron states

Perturbation theory in the lowest non-vanishing order in interelectron interaction has been applied to the theoretical investigation of double-ionization decays of resonantly excited single-electron states. The formulae for the transition probabilities were derived in the LS coupling scheme, and the orbital angular momentum and spin selection rules were obtained. In addition to the formulae, which are exact in this order, three approximate expressions, which correspond to illustrative model mechanisms of the transition, were derived as limiting cases of the exact ones. Numerical results were obtained for the decay of the resonantly excited Kr 1 3d^{-1}5p[^1P] state which demonstrated quite clearly the important role of the interelectron interaction in double-ionization processes. On the other hand, the results obtained show that low-energy electrons can appear in the photoelectron spectrum below the ionization threshold of the 3d shell. As a function of the photon frequency, the yield of these low-energy electrons is strongly amplified by the resonant transition of the 3d electron to 5p (or to other discrete levels), acting as an intermediate state, when the photon frequency approaches that of the transition.

Photoionization of Kr near 4s threshold: II. Intermediate-coupling theory

The Kr 4s-electron photoionization cross section as a function of the exciting-photon energy in the range between 30 eV and 90 eV was calculated using the configuration interaction (CI) technique in intermediate coupling. In the calculations the 4p spin-orbital interaction and corrections due to higher orders of perturbation theory (the so-called Coulomb interaction correlational decrease) were considered. Energies of Kr II states were calculated and agree with spectroscopic data within less than 10 meV. For some of the Kr II states new assignments were suggested on the basis of the largest component among the calculated CI wavefunctions.

Photoionization of Kr 4s: III. Detailed and extended measurements of the Kr 4s-electron ionization cross section

Absolute Kr 4s-electron photoionization cross sections as a function of the exciting-photon energy were measured by photon-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (PIFS) at improved primary-energy resolution. The cross sections were determined from threshold to 33.5 eV and to 90 eV with primary-photon bandwidths of 25 meV and 50 meV, respectively. The measurements were compared with experimental data and selected theoretical calculations for the direct Kr 4s-electron photoionization cross sections.

Photoionization of Kr near the 4s threshold: IV. Photoionization through the autoionization of doubly-excited states

The photoionization cross sections for the production of the Kr II 4s state and Kr II satellite states were studied in the 4s ionization threshold region. The interference of direct photoionization and ionization through the autoionization decay of doubly-excited states was considered. In the calculations of doubly-excited state energies, performed by a configuration interaction technique, the 4p spin-orbit interaction and the (Kr II core)-(excited electron) Coulomb interaction were included. The theoretical cross sections are in many cases in good agreement with the measured values. Strong resonant features in the satellite spectra with threshold energies greater than 30 eV are predicted.

Threshold scan of the Ne 2s-electron photoionization cross edition

The photoionization of the Ne 2s-electrons was studied from threshold to 1 eV above threshold. The technique of photon-induced fluorescence spectroscopy was applied. Pronounced structures were observed resulting from autoionization of doubly excited atomic states. A threshold cross section of 0.17 Mb was determined.

Photoionization of Kr near the 4s threshold: I. Experiment and LS coupling theory

Absolute cross sections for the transitions of the Kr atom into the 4s^1 and 4p^4nl states of the Kr^+ ion were measured in the 4s-electron threshold region by photon-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (PIFS). The cross sections for the transitions of the Kr atom into the 4s^1 and 4p^4nl states were also calculated, as well as the 4p^4nln'l' doubly excited states, in the frame of LS-coupling many-body technique. The cross sections of the doubly-excited atomic states were used to illustrate the pronounced contributions of the latter to the photoionization process, evident from the measurements. The comparison of theory and experiment led to conclusions about the origin of the main features observed in the experiment.

Three-electron radiative transitions

A new type of many-electron radiative transitions involving three electrons is predicted. The results of their investigation by many-body perturbation theory are presented. New spectral lines observed in the wavelength range of 37.5 to 54.0 nm by means of photon-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (PIFS) following the excitation of the Kr I 3d{^-1}np resonances are reported and compared with the predictions.

State-selective study of the direct double photoionization of the Ne valence shell

Cross sections for double photoionization of the Ne L shell into the 2s2p{^5 3}P^0} and ^1P^0 and the 2s^02p^6 ^1S^e states were measured for energies from threshold up to 150 eV, using photon induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Both 2s2p^5 channels were observed with comparable magnitude in contradiction to a propensity rule based on the Wannier-Peterkop-Rau theory. A comparison of the summed ^3P^0 and ^1P^0 cross sections with MBPT calculations results in a deviation of 50%.