The role of organic farming for food security: local nexus with a global view

A convergence of factors has made food security one of the most important global issues. It has been the core concept of the Milan Expo 2015, whose title, Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life, embodied the challenge to provide the world’s growing population with a sustainable, secure supply of safe, nutritious, and affordable high-quality food using less land with lower inputs. Meeting the food security agenda using current agricultural production techniques cannot be achieved without serious degradation to the environment, including soil degradation, loss of biodiversity and climate change. Organic farming is seen as a solution to the challenge of sustainable food production, as it provides more nutritious food, with less or no pesticide residues and lower use of inputs. A limit of organic farming is its restricted capability of producing food compared to conventional agriculture, thus being an inefficient approach to food production and to food security. The authors maintain, on the basis of a scientific literature review, that organic soils tend to retain the physical, chemical and biological properties over the long term, while maintaining stable levels of productivity and thereby ensuring long-term food production and safety. Furthermore, the productivity gap of organic crops may be worked out by further investment in research and in particular into diversification techniques. Moreover, strong scientific evidence indicates that organic agricultural systems deliver greater ecosystem services and social benefits.

Tiempos de Cambio: Repensar América Latina

América Latina está en movimiento. Frente al frágil desarrollo económico de la región, ya son pocos los que ponen en duda el fracaso del neoliberalismo: Pues, lo que más ha crecido durante las últimas décadas no han sido las economías nacionales, sino sobre todo la dependencia del mercado mundial, la pobreza y la desigualdad social. Y para muchos, la última década de la esperanza se ha convertido en una década de desesperanza. Desde hace unos años, también el mapa político de América Latina está cambiando susceptiblemente: Cada vez son más los gobiernos, partidos y movimientos sociales que exigen un cambio de paradigma económico y político, dando nuevamente prioridad a la justicia social, al incremento de la participación y al desarrollo local. Sin embargo, hasta ahora, estas nuevas ideas y prácticas todavía han sido muy poco concretas, divergentes y opuestas, frecuentemente difusas y hasta confusas. Ello es razón suficiente para reflexionar a más profundidad sobre políticas innovadoras más allá del neoliberalismo, más allá del los “tiempos de cambio”. El libro “Tiempos de cambio - Repensar América Latina” del politólogo alemán Hans-Jürgen Burchardt retoma tal desafío y en vez de recetar nuevas panaceas, empieza con un inventario histórico y sobrio. En él se explican y examinan términos que solían ocupar y monopolizar la política de antes, términos que ahora hay que llenar con nuevos contenidos. Algunos de ellos se refieren a los temas más importantes de nuestro futuro: globalización, Estado, democracia, sociedad civil, descentralización, pobreza y justicia social, y relaciones entre el Norte rico y el Sur pobre. Se trata de problemas y soluciones entre ayer y mañana, entre desarrollos probables y alternativas posibles. Pero no se ofrecen respuestas simplistas, y tampoco se pretende convencer de un paradigma único. Se trata más bien de estimular discusiones y debates, indispensables para encontrar alternativas prometedoras para el futuro. Hoy en día, las perspectivas de América Latina ya no se encuentran fuera del continente. Han sido demasiadas las ocasiones en las que los conceptos y estrategias de otros han llevado al fracaso. Por ende, lo más importante ahora es aprender de las experiencias y errores, fortalezas y debilidades propios, en vez de volver a seguir a las propuestas ajenas. Por lo tanto, el trasfondo de las reflexiones aquí presentadas siempre es América Latina. Debido a esto se proporcionan respuestas claras a la pregunta si la política de Cuba o la Revolución bolivariana de Venezuela contiene elementos de un modelo para el futuro que pueda indicar un camino a seguir. Los nuevos “tiempos de cambio” brindan múltiples oportunidades de acción, pero al mismo tiempo requieren conocimientos sobre las realidad y las opciones existentes. El libro de Burchardt ayuda a desarrollar una posición propia en la creciente complejidad de nuestros tiempos. Invita a participar de manera activa y competente en la creación de una política innovadora de la región y a la vez a reinventar América Latina.

Continuation and discontinuation of local institution in community based natural resource management

Currently the push toward frontier areas, which until twenty years ago were still largely untouched by commercial agriculture, is taking place on a massive scale. This push is being driven not the least by global economic developments, such as the price increase of agriculture commodities like coffee and cocoa. In most cases the indigenous communities become trapped between the state monopoly in natural resource management and the competition for resources by external actors. In this processes the indigenous communities start to lose their access to resources. Another victim in this process is the environment where the natural resources are imbedded. International and national organizations working to conserve environment have became conscious of the important role that indigenous people could fulfill as partners in this endeavour. This partnership in struggle has produced a new discourse on the relationship between indigenous people and their environment. As a further consequence, programs were set up to develop what became known as Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) with its numerous variations. Based on a case study in a village on the eastern border of the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, this study questioned the basic assumption behind the concept of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Namely the assumption that communities living at the margin of forest are socially and culturally homogenous, still more or less egalitarian, and basically living in harmony with their natural environment. This study was inspired by the persistent critique – although still a minority – on the basic assumption the CBNRM from academicians and practitioners working through the Entitlement perspective. Another inspiration was the mounting critique toward the participatory approach. In its effort the study explore further the usefulness of certain approaches. One of the approach much relied on in this study was the local history of the community studied, through exerting oral and local written documents on local history, legends and local stories. These sources proofed quite capable in bringing the local history into the light. Another was the actor oriented approach, which later came to be supported by the concept of Social Pool Resources. The latter concept proofed to be useful as analytical instrument to integrate social institutions and the common pool resources, as a field of action for the different actors as human agencies.