Das Internet und die Leugnung des Holocaust

Der Nationalsozialismus und damit auch der Holocaust gilt als die am besten erforschte Periode der deutschen Geschichte. Unzählige Berichte und Dokumente belegen den Völkermord an den europäischen Juden und ermöglichen so ein genaues und detailliertes Bild der Vorgänge. Trotz der sehr guten Quellenlage behaupten Holocaustleugner, dass es sich bei der Shoah um eine Inszenierung handele oder dass die geschätzten Opferzahlen als maßlose Übertreibung zurückzuweisen seien. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, wie Holocaustleugner argumentieren und mit welchen Manipulationstechniken sie historische Tatsachen verfälschen. Im Zentrum stehen dabei propagandistische Texte im Internet, dem Medium, welches gegenwärtig als häufigster Verbreitungskanal für holocaustleugnende Propaganda genutzt wird. Um aktuelle Tendenzen deutlich zu machen und um Brüche und Kontinuitäten herauszuarbeiten, werden jüngste Internet-Publikationen mit Printmedien aus den 1970er und 1980er Jahren verglichen. Die Analyse macht dabei deutlich, dass sich holocaustleugnende Argumentationsmuster mit der „digitalen Revolution“ gewandelt haben und die Protagonisten der Szene sich auf neue Zielgruppen einstellen. Während frühe Printmedien vor allem für einen begrenzten Kreis einschlägig Interessierter publiziert wurden, haben Holocaustleugner heute die Gesamtheit der Internet-Nutzer als Zielgruppe erkannt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wandeln sich die Verschleierungstaktiken und Täuschungsmanöver, auch aber der Habitus der Texte. Argumentierten die Autoren in früheren Veröffentlichungen oftmals offensiv und radikal, konzentrieren sie sich gegenwärtig auf moderatere Argumentationsmuster, die darauf abzielen, die Shoah zu trivialisieren und zu minimieren. Derartige Propagandaformen sind kompatibler mit dem politischem Mainstream, weil sie weniger verschwörungstheoretisch angelegt sind und ihr antisemitisches Motiv besser verbergen können. Radikale Holocaustleugnung, die behauptet, der gesamte wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisbestand zur Shoah sei ein Phantasiegebilde, findet sich seltener im Internet. Häufiger wird eine „Nadelstich-Taktik“ verfolgt, die einzelne Detailaspekte aufgreift, in Frage stellt oder zu widerlegen vorgibt. Diese Angriffe sollen ihre Wirkung nicht für sich entfalten, sondern in der Summe suggerieren, dass die Tatsachenbasis des Holocaust durchaus hinterfragenswert sei.

A Comparative Study on Internationalization and the Role of International Offices at Selected Middle Eastern and German Universities

Internationalization of higher education has become one of the most important policies for institutions of higher education worldwide. Though universities are international by nature, the need for intensified quality activities of international nature has promoted internationalization to be under spotlight of researchers, administrators and policy makers and to be an area for research. Each institution follows its certain way to govern its international affairs. Most Universities, especially in the 'Developed World' started to plan it strategically. This study explores the meanings and importance of internationalization especially that it means different things to different people. It also studies the rationales behind internationalizing higher education. It focuses on the four main prevailing rationales; political, cultural/social, economic/financial, and academic on both national and institutional levels. With the increasing need to strategically plan, the study explores internationalization strategies in terms of how to develop them, what are their approaches and types, and their components and dimensions. Damascus University has witnessed an overwhelming development of its international relations and activities. Therefore, it started to face a problem of how to deal with this increasing load especially that its International Office is the only unit that deals with the international issues. In order to study the internationalization phenomenon at Damascus University, the 2WH approach, which asks the what, why, and how questions, is used and in order to define the International Office's role in the internationalization process of the University, it studies it and the international offices of Kassel University, and Humboldt University in Germany, The University of Jordan, and Al Baath University in Syria using the 'SOCIAL' approach that studies and analyses the situation, organization, challenges, involvement, ambitions, and limitations of these offices. The internationalization process at the above-mentioned Universities is studied and compared in terms of its meaning, rationales for both the institution and its academic staff, challenges and strategic planning. Then a comparison is made among the international offices of the Universities to identify their approaches, what led to their success and what led to their failure in their practices. The aim is to provide Damascus University and its International Office with some good practices and, depending on the experiences of the professionals of the case-studies, a suggested guidance to the work of this Office and the University in general is given. The study uses the interviews with the different officials and stakeholders of the case-studies as the main method of collecting the information in addition to site visits, studying their official documents and their websites. The study belongs to qualitative research that has an action dimension in it since the recommendations will be applied in the International Office. The study concludes with few learned lessons for Damascus University and its International Office depending on the comparison that was done according to a set of dimensions. Finally a reflection on the relationship between internationalization of higher education and politics, the impact of politics on Middle Eastern Universities, and institutional internationalization strategies are presented.

Gone with the internet - How the old education was lost

Despite its young history, Computer Science Education has seen a number of "revolutions". Being a veteran in the field, the author reflects on the many changes he has seen in computing and its teaching. The intent of this personal collection is to point out that most revolutions came unforeseen and that many of the new learning initiatives, despite high financial input, ultimately failed. The author then considers the current revolution (MOOC, inverted lectures, peer instruction, game design) and, based on the lessons learned earlier, argues why video recording is so successful. Given the fact that this is the decade we lost print (papers, printed books, book shops, libraries), the author then conjectures that the impact of the Internet will make this revolution different from previous ones in that most of the changes are irreversible. As a consequence he warns against storming ahead blindly and suggests to conserve - while it is still possible - valuable components of what might soon be called the antebellum age of education.