Konzeption von Entwicklungspfaden für Zulieferparks in der Automobilindustrie

Die Automobilindustrie reagiert mit Modularisierungsstrategien auf die zunehmende Produktkomplexität, getrieben durch die wachsenden Individualisierungsanforde-rungen auf der Kundenseite und der Modellpolitik mit neuen Fahrzeuganläufen. Die Hersteller verlagern die Materialbereitstellungskomplexität durch Outsourcing an die nächste Zulieferebene, den First Tier Suppliern, die seit Beginn der 90er Jahre zunehmend in Zulieferparks in unmittelbarer Werknähe integriert werden. Typische Merkmale eines klassischen Zulieferparks sind: Bereitstellung einer Halleninfrastruktur mit Infrastrukturdienstleistungen, Anlieferung der Teileumfänge im JIS-Verfahren (Just-in-Sequence = reihenfolgegenaue Synchronisation), lokale Wertschöpfung (Vormontagen, Sequenzierung) des Zulieferers, Vertragsbindung der First Tier Zulieferer für die Dauer eines Produktlebenszyklus und Einbindung eines Logistikdienstleisters. Teilweise werden zur Finanzierung Förderprojekte des öffent-lichen Sektors initiiert. Bisher fehlte eine wissenschaftliche Bearbeitung dieses Themas "Zulieferpark". In der Arbeit werden die in Europa entstandenen Zulieferparks näher untersucht, um Vor- und Nachteile dieses Logistikkonzeptes zu dokumentieren und Entwicklungs-trends aufzuzeigen. Abgeleitet aus diesen Erkenntnissen werden Optimierungs-ansätze aufgezeigt und konkrete Entwicklungspfade zur Verbesserung der Chancen-Risikoposition der Hauptakteure Automobilhersteller, Zulieferer und Logistikdienst-leister beschrieben. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in vier Haupteile, einer differenzierten Beschreibung der Ausgangssituation und den Entwicklungstrends in der Automobilindustrie, dem Vorgehensmodell, der Dokumentation der Analyseergebnisse und der Bewertung von Zulieferparkmodellen. Im Rahmen der Ergebnisdokumentation des Analyseteils werden vier Zulieferparkmodelle in detaillierten Fallstudien anschaulich dargestellt. Zur Erarbeitung der Analyseergebnisse wurde eine Befragung der Hauptakteure mittels strukturierten Fragebögen durchgeführt. Zur Erhebung von Branchentrends und zur relativen Bewertung der Parkmodelle wurden zusätzlich Experten befragt. Zur Segmentierung der Zulieferparklandschaft wurde die Methode der Netzwerk-analyse eingesetzt. Die relative Bewertung der Nutzenposition basiert auf der Nutzwertanalyse. Als Ergebnisse der Arbeit liegen vor: · Umfassende Analyse der Zulieferparklandschaft in Europa, · Segmentierung der Parks in Zulieferparkmodelle, Optimierungsansätze zur Verbesserung einer Win-Win-Situation der beteiligten Hauptakteure, · Relative Nutzenbewertung der Zulieferparkmodelle, · Entwicklungspfade für klassische Zulieferparks.

Perspectives of Urban Growth Management and Sustainable Development In West Bank, Hebron District as a case Study

The main objective of this PhD research study is to provide a perspective on the urban growth management and sustainable development in Palestine, and more specifically in Hebron district as a case study. Hebron is located 36 km south of Jerusalem, with an overall population size of around 600,000 people living in a total area around1246km2. Hebron is the biggest Palestinian district that has 16 municipalities and 154 localities. The research discusses and analyzes the urban planning system, economical and environmental policies and the solution required to manage and integrate the development elements to develop a sustainable development plan for Hebron. The research provides answers for fundamental questions such as what kind and definition of sustainable development are applicable to the Palestinian case?. What are the sustainability problems there and how the Israeli occupation and unstable political condition affect the sustainable development in Palestine? What are the urban growth management and sustainability policies and actions required from government, public and privets sector in Palestine? The fast urban growth in Palestine is facing many problems and challenges due to the increase in the population size and the resulting impact of this increase including, but not limited to, the demand of new houses, need for more infrastructure services, demands on new industrial, commercial, educational and health projects, which in turn reduces the area of agricultural lands and threatens the natural resources and environment. There are also other associated sustainability problems like the absence of effective plans or regulations that control urban expansion, the absence of sufficient sustainable development plans at the national levels for the district, new job requirements, Israeli restrictions and occupation for more than 60 years, existence of construction factories near residential areas, poor public awareness and poor governmental funds for service projects and development plans. The study consists of nine chapters. Chapter One includes an introduction, study objectives, problems and justifications, while Chapter Two has a theoretical background on sustainability topic and definitions of sustainability. The Palestinian urban planning laws and local government systems are discussed in Chapter Three and the methodology of research is detailed in Chapter Four. As for Chapter Five, it provides a general background on Hebron District including demographical and economical profiles, along with recommendations related to sustainable development for each profile Chapter Six addresses the urban environment, sustainability priorities and policies required. Chapter Seven discusses and analyzes infrastructure services including transportation, water and wastewater. As for Chapter Eight, it addresses the land use, housing and urban expansion beside the cultural heritage, natural heritage with relevant sustainable development polices and recommendations. Finally, Chapter Nine includes a conclusion and comprehensive recommendations integrating all of urban and sustainability event in one map. Hebron has a deep history including a rich cultural heritage aged by thousands of years, with 47% of Hebron district population under 14 years old. Being the biggest Palestinian district, Hebron has thousands of industrial and economical organizations beside a large agricultural sector at Palestine level. This gives Hebron a potential to play major roles in developing a national sustainability plan, as the current urban planning system in Palestine needs urgent reform and development to fulfill the sustainability requirement. The municipalities and ministers should find permanent financial aid for urban planning and development studies so as to face future challenges. The Palestinian government can benefit from available local human resources in development projects; hence Palestinian people have sufficient qualifications in most sectors. The Palestinian people also can invest in the privet sector in Palestine in case businessmen have been encouraged and clear investment laws and plans have been developed. The study provides recommendations associated to the sustainable development in Palestine in general and Hebron, as a case study, in specific. Recommendations include increasing the privet sector as well as the public involvement in urban growth management, and stopping unplanned urban expansion, subjecting granting building permits of new projects to the no-harm environmental impact assessment, increasing the coordination and cooperation between localities and central bodies, protection and renovation of old cites and green areas, increasing the quality and quantity of infrastructure services, establishing district urban planning department to coordinate and organize urban planning and sustainable development activities. Also, among recommendations come dividing Hebron into three planning and administrative areas (north, central and south), and dividing the sustainable development and implementation period (2010 to 2025) into three main phases. Finally, the study strongly recommends benefiting from the same urban development plans in similar districts at national and international levels, also to use new technologies and information systems in urban planning process.

Design, implementation and application of a generic framework for integrated regional land-use modeling

Land use is a crucial link between human activities and the natural environment and one of the main driving forces of global environmental change. Large parts of the terrestrial land surface are used for agriculture, forestry, settlements and infrastructure. Given the importance of land use, it is essential to understand the multitude of influential factors and resulting land use patterns. An essential methodology to study and quantify such interactions is provided by the adoption of land-use models. By the application of land-use models, it is possible to analyze the complex structure of linkages and feedbacks and to also determine the relevance of driving forces. Modeling land use and land use changes has a long-term tradition. In particular on the regional scale, a variety of models for different regions and research questions has been created. Modeling capabilities grow with steady advances in computer technology, which on the one hand are driven by increasing computing power on the other hand by new methods in software development, e.g. object- and component-oriented architectures. In this thesis, SITE (Simulation of Terrestrial Environments), a novel framework for integrated regional sland-use modeling, will be introduced and discussed. Particular features of SITE are the notably extended capability to integrate models and the strict separation of application and implementation. These features enable efficient development, test and usage of integrated land-use models. On its system side, SITE provides generic data structures (grid, grid cells, attributes etc.) and takes over the responsibility for their administration. By means of a scripting language (Python) that has been extended by language features specific for land-use modeling, these data structures can be utilized and manipulated by modeling applications. The scripting language interpreter is embedded in SITE. The integration of sub models can be achieved via the scripting language or by usage of a generic interface provided by SITE. Furthermore, functionalities important for land-use modeling like model calibration, model tests and analysis support of simulation results have been integrated into the generic framework. During the implementation of SITE, specific emphasis was laid on expandability, maintainability and usability. Along with the modeling framework a land use model for the analysis of the stability of tropical rainforest margins was developed in the context of the collaborative research project STORMA (SFB 552). In a research area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, socio-environmental impacts of land-use changes were examined. SITE was used to simulate land-use dynamics in the historical period of 1981 to 2002. Analogous to that, a scenario that did not consider migration in the population dynamics, was analyzed. For the calculation of crop yields and trace gas emissions, the DAYCENT agro-ecosystem model was integrated. In this case study, it could be shown that land-use changes in the Indonesian research area could mainly be characterized by the expansion of agricultural areas at the expense of natural forest. For this reason, the situation had to be interpreted as unsustainable even though increased agricultural use implied economic improvements and higher farmers' incomes. Due to the importance of model calibration, it was explicitly addressed in the SITE architecture through the introduction of a specific component. The calibration functionality can be used by all SITE applications and enables largely automated model calibration. Calibration in SITE is understood as a process that finds an optimal or at least adequate solution for a set of arbitrarily selectable model parameters with respect to an objective function. In SITE, an objective function typically is a map comparison algorithm capable of comparing a simulation result to a reference map. Several map optimization and map comparison methodologies are available and can be combined. The STORMA land-use model was calibrated using a genetic algorithm for optimization and the figure of merit map comparison measure as objective function. The time period for the calibration ranged from 1981 to 2002. For this period, respective reference land-use maps were compiled. It could be shown, that an efficient automated model calibration with SITE is possible. Nevertheless, the selection of the calibration parameters required detailed knowledge about the underlying land-use model and cannot be automated. In another case study decreases in crop yields and resulting losses in income from coffee cultivation were analyzed and quantified under the assumption of four different deforestation scenarios. For this task, an empirical model, describing the dependence of bee pollination and resulting coffee fruit set from the distance to the closest natural forest, was integrated. Land-use simulations showed, that depending on the magnitude and location of ongoing forest conversion, pollination services are expected to decline continuously. This results in a reduction of coffee yields of up to 18% and a loss of net revenues per hectare of up to 14%. However, the study also showed that ecological and economic values can be preserved if patches of natural vegetation are conservated in the agricultural landscape. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

A Study of a Comprehensive Career Services System in Chinese Universities

Since 1999, with the adoption of expansion policy in higher education by the Chinese government, enrollment and graduate numbers have been increasing at an unprecedented speed. Accustomed to a system in which university graduates were placed, many students are not trained in “selling themselves”, which exacerbates the situation leading to a skyrocketing unemployment rate among new graduates. The idea of emphasizing career services comes with increasing employment pressure among university graduates in recent years. The 1998 “Higher Education Act” made it a legislative requirement. Thereafter, the Ministry of Education issued a series of documents in order to promote the development of career services. All higher education institutions are required to set up special career service centers and to set a ratio of 1:500 between career staff and the total number of students. Related career management courses, especially career planning classes, are required to be clearly included as specific modules into the teaching plan with a requirement of no less than 38 sessions in one semester at all universities. Developing career services in higher education has thus become a hot issue. One of the more notable trends in higher education in recent years has been the transformation of university career service centers from merely being the coordinators of on-campus placement into full service centers for international career development. The traditional core of career services in higher education had been built around guidance, information and placements (Watts, 1997). This core was still in place, but the role of higher education career services has changed considerably in recent years and the nature of each part is being transformed (Watts, 1997). Most services are undertaking a range of additional activities, and the career guidance issue is emphasized much more than before. Career management courses, especially career planning classes, are given special focus in developing career services in the Chinese case. This links career services clearly and directly with the course provision function. In China, most career service centers are engaging in the transformation period from a “management-oriented” organization to a “service-oriented” organization. Besides guidance services, information services and placement activities, there is a need to blend them together with the new additional teaching function, which follows the general trend as regulated by the government. The role of career services has been expanding and this has brought more challenges to its development in Chinese higher education. Chinese universities still remain in the period of exploration and establishment in developing their own career services. In the face of the new situation, it is very important and meaningful to explore and establish a comprehensive career services system to address student needs in the universities. A key part in developing this system is the introduction of career courses and delivering related career management skills to the students. So there is the need to restructure the career service sectors within the Chinese universities in general. The career service centers will operate as a hub and function as a spoke in the wheel of this model system, providing support and information to staff located in individual teaching departments who are responsible for the delivery of career education, information, advice and guidance. The career service centers will also provide training and career planning classes. The purpose of establishing a comprehensive career services system is to provide a strong base for student career development. The students can prepare themselves well in psychology, ideology and ability before employment with the assistance of effective career services. To conclude, according to the different characteristics and needs of students, there will be appropriate services and guidance in different stages and different ways. In other words, related career services and career guidance activities would be started for newly enrolled freshmen and continue throughout their whole university process. For the operation of a comprehensive services system, there is a need for strong support by the government in the form of macro-control and policy guarantee, but support by the government in the form of macro-control and policy guarantee, but also a need for close cooperation with the academic administration and faculties to be actively involved in career planning and employment programs. As an integral function within the universities, career services must develop and maintain productive relationships with relevant campus offices and key stakeholders both within the universities and externally.

Understanding Recreational Services of Urban Riverfront Space for Planning Purposes

In the process of urbanization, natural and semi-natural landscapes are increasingly cherished as open space and recreational resource. Urban rivers are part of this kind of resource and thus play an important role in managing urban resilience and health. Employing the example of Tianjin, this doctoral dissertation research aims at learning to understand how to plan and design for the interface zones between urban water courses and for the land areas adjacent to such water courses. This research also aims at learning how to link waterfront space with other urban space in order to make a recreational space system for the benefit of people. Five questions of this dissertation are: 1) what is the role of rivers in spatial and open space planning? 2) What are the human needs regarding outdoor open space? 3) How do river and water front spatial structures affect people's recreational activities? 4) How to define the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space? 5) How might answering these question change planning and design of urban open space? Quantitative and qualitative empirical approaches were combined in this study for which literature review and theoretical explorations provide the basis. Empirical investigations were conducted in the city of Tianjin. The quantitative approach includes conducting 267 quantitative interviews, and the qualitative approach includes carrying out field observations and mappings. GIS served to support analysis and visualization of empirical information that was generated through this study. By responding to the five research questions, findings and lessons include the following: 1) In the course of time rivers have gained importance in all levels and scales of spatial planning and decision making. Regarding the development of ecological networks, mainly at national scale, rivers are considered significant linear elements. Regarding regional and comprehensive development, river basins and watersheds are often considered as the structural link for strategic ecological, economic, social and recreational planning. For purposes of urban planning, particularly regarding recreational services in cities, the distribution of urban open spaces often follows the structure of river systems. 2) For the purpose of classifying human recreational needs that relate to outdoor open space Maslow's hierarchy of human needs serves as theoretical basis. The classes include geographical, safety, physiological, social and aesthetic need. These classes serve as references while analyzing river and waterfront open space and other kinds of open space. 3) Regarding the question how river and waterfront spatial structures might affect people's recreational activities, eight different landscape units were identified and compared in the case study area. Considering the thermal conditions of Tianjin, one of these landscape units was identified as affording the optimal spatial arrangement which mostly meets recreational needs. The size and the shape of open space, and the plants present in an open space have been observed as being most relevant regarding recreational activities. 4) Regarding the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space the results of this research suggest that the recreational service is felt less intensively as the distances between water 183 front and open space user’s places of residence are increasing. As a method for estimating this ‘Service Distance Effect’ the following formula may be used: Y = a*ebx. In this equation Y means the ‘Service Distance’ between homes and open space, and X means the percentage of the people who live within this service distance. Coefficient "a" represents the distance of the residential area nearest to the water front. The coefficient "b" is a comprehensive capability index that refers to the size of the available and suitable recreational area. 5) Answers found to the questions above have implications for the planning and design of urban open space. The results from the quantitative study of recreational services of waterfront open space were applied to the assessment of river-based open space systems. It is recommended that such assessments might be done employing the network analysis function available with any GIS. In addition, several practical planning and designing suggestions are made that would help remedy any insufficient base for satisfying recreational needs. The understanding of recreational need is considered helpful for the proposing planning and designing ideas and for the changing of urban landscapes. In the course of time Tianjin's urban water system has shrunk considerably. At the same time rivers and water courses have shaped Tianjin's urban structure in noticeable ways. In the process of urbanization water has become increasingly important to the citizens and their everyday recreations. Much needs to be changed in order to improve recreational opportunities and to better provide for a livable city, most importantly when considering the increasing number of old people. Suggestions made that are based on results of this study, might be implemented in Tianjin. They are 1) to promote the quality of the waterfront open space and to make all linear waterfront area accessible recreational spaces. Then, 2), it is advisable to advocate the concept of green streets and to combine green streets with river open space in order to form an everyday recreational network. And 3) any sound urban everyday recreational service made cannot rely on only urban rivers; the whole urban structure needs to be improved, including adding small open space and optimize the form of urban communities, finally producing a multi-functional urban recreational network.

Eine SPARQL-Schnittstelle für OData-Services

Enterprise-Resource-Planning-Systeme (ERP-Systeme) bilden für die meisten mittleren und großen Unternehmen einen essentiellen Bestandteil ihrer IT-Landschaft zur Verwaltung von Geschäftsdaten und Geschäftsprozessen. Geschäftsdaten werden in ERP-Systemen in Form von Geschäftsobjekten abgebildet. Ein Geschäftsobjekt kann mehrere Attribute enthalten und über Assoziationen zu anderen Geschäftsobjekten einen Geschäftsobjektgraphen aufspannen. Existierende Schnittstellen ermöglichen die Abfrage von Geschäftsobjekten, insbesondere mit Hinblick auf deren Attribute. Die Abfrage mit Bezug auf ihre Position innerhalb des Geschäftsobjektgraphen ist jedoch über diese Schnittstellen häufig nur sehr schwierig zu realisieren. Zur Vereinfachung solcher Anfragen können semantische Technologien, wie RDF und die graphbasierte Abfragesprache SPARQL, verwendet werden. SPARQL ermöglicht eine wesentlich kompaktere und intuitivere Formulierung von Anfragen gegen Geschäftsobjektgraphen, als es mittels der existierenden Schnittstellen möglich ist. Die Motivation für diese Arbeit ist die Vereinfachung bestimmter Anfragen gegen das im Rahmen dieser Arbeit betrachtete SAP ERP-System unter Verwendung von SPARQL. Zur Speicherung von Geschäftsobjekten kommen in ERP-Systemen typischerweise relationale Datenbanken zum Einsatz. Die Bereitstellung von SPARQL-Endpunkten auf Basis von relationalen Datenbanken ist ein seit längerem untersuchtes Gebiet. Es existieren verschiedene Ansätze und Tools, welche die Anfrage mittels SPARQL erlauben. Aufgrund der Komplexität, der Größe und der Änderungshäufigkeit des ERP-Datenbankschemas können solche Ansätze, die direkt auf dem Datenbankschema aufsetzen, nicht verwendet werden. Ein praktikablerer Ansatz besteht darin, den SPARQL-Endpunkt auf Basis existierender Schnittstellen zu realisieren. Diese sind weniger komplex als das Datenbankschema, da sie die direkte Abfrage von Geschäftsobjekten ermöglichen. Dadurch wird die Definition des Mappings erheblich vereinfacht. Das ERP-System bietet mehrere Schnittstellen an, die sich hinsichtlich des Aufbaus, der Zielsetzung und der verwendeten Technologie unterscheiden. Unter anderem wird eine auf OData basierende Schnittstelle zur Verfügung gestellt. OData ist ein REST-basiertes Protokoll zur Abfrage und Manipulation von Daten. Von den bereitgestellten Schnittstellen weist das OData-Interface gegenüber den anderen Schnittstellen verschiedene Vorteile bei Realisierung eines SPARQL-Endpunktes auf. Es definiert eine Abfragesprache und einen Link-Adressierungsmechanismus, mit dem die zur Beantwortung einer Anfrage benötigten Service-Aufrufe und die zu übertragende Datenmenge erheblich reduziert werden können. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht in der Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Realisierung eines SPARQL-Endpunktes auf Basis von OData-Services. Dazu wird zunächst eine Architektur vorgestellt, die als Grundlage für die Implementierung eines entsprechenden Systems dienen kann. Ausgehend von dieser Architektur, werden die durch den aktuellen Forschungsstand noch nicht abgedeckten Bereiche ermittelt. Nach bestem Wissen ist diese Arbeit die erste, welche die Abfrage von OData-Schnittstellen mittels SPARQL untersucht. Dabei wird als Teil dieser Arbeit ein neuartiges Konzept zur semantischen Beschreibung von OData-Services vorgestellt. Dieses ermöglicht die Definition von Abbildungen der von den Services bereitgestellten Daten auf RDF-Graphen. Aufbauend auf den Konzepten zur semantischen Beschreibung wird eine Evaluierungssemantik erarbeitet, welche die Auflösung von Ausdrücken der SPARQL-Algebra gegen semantisch annotierte OData-Services definiert. Dabei werden die Daten aller OData-Services ermittelt, die zur vollständigen Abarbeitung einer Anfrage benötigt werden. Zur Abfrage der relevanten Daten wurden Konzepte zur Erzeugung der entsprechenden OData-URIs entwickelt. Das vorgestellte Verfahren wurde prototypisch implementiert und anhand zweier Anwendungsfälle für die im betrachteten Szenario maßgeblichen Servicemengen evaluiert. Mit den vorgestellten Konzepten besteht nicht nur die Möglichkeit, einen SPARQL-Endpunkt für ein ERP-System zu realisieren, vielmehr kann jede Datenquelle, die eine OData-Schnittstelle anbietet, mittels SPARQL angefragt werden. Dadurch werden große Datenmengen, die bisher für die Verarbeitung mittels semantischer Technologien nicht zugänglich waren, für die Integration mit dem Semantic Web verfügbar gemacht. Insbesondere können auch Datenquellen, deren Integration miteinander bisher nicht oder nur schwierig möglich war, über Systeme zur föderierten Abfrage miteinander integriert werden.

Technical and scale efficiency of cassava production system in Delta State, Nigeria: an application of Two-Stage DEA approach

The present study examines the level of pure technical and scale efficiencies of cassava production system including its sub-processes (that is production and processing stages) of 278 cassava farmers/processors from three regions of Delta State, Nigeria by applying Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. Results reveal that pure technical efficiency (PTE) is significantly lower at the production stage 0.41 vs 0.55 for the processing stage, but scale efficiency (SE) is high at both stages (0.84 and 0.87), implying that productivity can be improved substantially by reallocation of resources and adjusting operation size. The socio-economic determinants exert differential impacts on PTE and SE at each stage. Overall, education, experience and main occupation as farmer significantly improve SE while subsistence pressure reduces it. Extension contact significantly improves SE at the processing stage but reduces PTE and SE overall. Inverse size-PTE and size-SE relationships exist in cassava production system. In other words, large/medium farms are technically and scale inefficient. Gender gap exists in performance. Male farmers are technically efficient at processing stage but scale inefficient overall. Farmers in northern region are technically efficient. Investments in education, extension services and infrastructure are suggested as policy options to improve the cassava sector in Nigeria.

Ecosystem services and adaptation for agriculture and food security: analysis of two decades (1991–2011) of financing by the Global Environment Facility

Investing in global environmental and adaptation benefits in the context of agriculture and food security initiatives can play an important role in promoting sustainable intensification. This is a priority for the Global Environment Facility (GEF), created in 1992 with a mandate to serve as financial mechanism of several multilateral environmental agreements. To demonstrate the nature and extent of GEF financing, we conducted an assessment of the entire portfolio over a period of two decades (1991–2011) to identify projects with direct links to agriculture and food security. A cohort of 192 projects and programs were identified and used as a basis for analyzing trends in GEF financing. The projects and programs together accounted for a total GEF financing of US$1,086.8 million, and attracted an additional US$6,343.5 million from other sources. The value-added of GEF financing for ecosystem services and resilience in production systems was demonstrated through a diversity of interventions in the projects and programs that utilized US$810.6 million of the total financing. The interventions fall into the following four main categories in accordance with priorities of the GEF: sustainable land management (US$179.3 million), management of agrobiodiversity (US$113.4 million), sustainable fisheries and water resource management (US$379.8 million), and climate change adaptation (US$138.1 million). By aligning GEF priorities with global aspirations for sustainable intensification of production systems, the study shows that it is possible to help developing countries tackle food insecurity while generating global environmental benefits for a healthy and resilient planet.