Many-body theory of laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization and angular momentum transfer in ferromagnetic transition metals

An electronic theory is developed, which describes the ultrafast demagnetization in itinerant ferromagnets following the absorption of a femtosecond laser pulse. The present work intends to elucidate the microscopic physics of this ultrafast phenomenon by identifying its fundamental mechanisms. In particular, it aims to reveal the nature of the involved spin excitations and angular-momentum transfer between spin and lattice, which are still subjects of intensive debate. In the first preliminary part of the thesis the initial stage of the laser-induced demagnetization process is considered. In this stage the electronic system is highly excited by spin-conserving elementary excitations involved in the laser-pulse absorption, while the spin or magnon degrees of freedom remain very weakly excited. The role of electron-hole excitations on the stability of the magnetic order of one- and two-dimensional 3d transition metals (TMs) is investigated by using ab initio density-functional theory. The results show that the local magnetic moments are remarkably stable even at very high levels of local energy density and, therefore, indicate that these moments preserve their identity throughout the entire demagnetization process. In the second main part of the thesis a many-body theory is proposed, which takes into account these local magnetic moments and the local character of the involved spin excitations such as spin fluctuations from the very beginning. In this approach the relevant valence 3d and 4p electrons are described in terms of a multiband model Hamiltonian which includes Coulomb interactions, interatomic hybridizations, spin-orbit interactions, as well as the coupling to the time-dependent laser field on the same footing. An exact numerical time evolution is performed for small ferromagnetic TM clusters. The dynamical simulations show that after ultra-short laser pulse absorption the magnetization of these clusters decreases on a time scale of hundred femtoseconds. In particular, the results reproduce the experimentally observed laser-induced demagnetization in ferromagnets and demonstrate that this effect can be explained in terms of the following purely electronic non-adiabatic mechanism: First, on a time scale of 10–100 fs after laser excitation the spin-orbit coupling yields local angular-momentum transfer between the spins and the electron orbits, while subsequently the orbital angular momentum is very rapidly quenched in the lattice on the time scale of one femtosecond due to interatomic electron hoppings. In combination, these two processes result in a demagnetization within hundred or a few hundred femtoseconds after laser-pulse absorption.

Double-autoionization decay of resonantly excited single-electron states

Perturbation theory in the lowest non-vanishing order in interelectron interaction has been applied to the theoretical investigation of double-ionization decays of resonantly excited single-electron states. The formulae for the transition probabilities were derived in the LS coupling scheme, and the orbital angular momentum and spin selection rules were obtained. In addition to the formulae, which are exact in this order, three approximate expressions, which correspond to illustrative model mechanisms of the transition, were derived as limiting cases of the exact ones. Numerical results were obtained for the decay of the resonantly excited Kr 1 3d^{-1}5p[^1P] state which demonstrated quite clearly the important role of the interelectron interaction in double-ionization processes. On the other hand, the results obtained show that low-energy electrons can appear in the photoelectron spectrum below the ionization threshold of the 3d shell. As a function of the photon frequency, the yield of these low-energy electrons is strongly amplified by the resonant transition of the 3d electron to 5p (or to other discrete levels), acting as an intermediate state, when the photon frequency approaches that of the transition.

Photoionization of Kr near 4s threshold: II. Intermediate-coupling theory

The Kr 4s-electron photoionization cross section as a function of the exciting-photon energy in the range between 30 eV and 90 eV was calculated using the configuration interaction (CI) technique in intermediate coupling. In the calculations the 4p spin-orbital interaction and corrections due to higher orders of perturbation theory (the so-called Coulomb interaction correlational decrease) were considered. Energies of Kr II states were calculated and agree with spectroscopic data within less than 10 meV. For some of the Kr II states new assignments were suggested on the basis of the largest component among the calculated CI wavefunctions.

Influence of occupation number of single particle levels on K - K charge transfer in collisions of 90 keV - Ne{^9+} on Ne

The influence of the occupation of the single particle levels on the impact parameter dependent K - K charge transfer occuring in collisions of 90 keV Ne{^9+} on Ne was studied using coupled channel calculations. The energy eigenvalues and matrixelements for the single particle levels were taken from ab initio self consistent MO-LCAO-DIRAC-FOCK-SLATER calculations with occupation numbers corresponding to the single particle amplitudes given by the coupled channel calculations.

Inclusive probability calculations for the K-vacancy transfer in collisions of S{^15+} on Ar

Using the single-particle amplitudes from a 20-level coupled-channel calculation with ab initio relativistic self consistent LCAO-MO Dirac-Fock-Slater energy eigenvalues and matrix elements we calculate within the frame of the inclusive probability formalism impact-parameter-dependent K-hole transfer probabilities. As an example we show results for the heavy asymmetric collision system S{^15+} on Ar for impact energies from 4.7 to 16 MeV. The inclusive probability formalism which reinstates the many-particle aspect of the collision system permits a qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experiment which is not achieved by the single-particle picture.

Two-photon decay of the 1s2s ^1S_0 state in _36Kr^34+ produced by resonant transfer and excitation

The doubly excited 2s2p ^1P_1 level of Kr^{34+} populated via resonant transfer and excitation (RTE) feeds selectively the metastable ls2s ^1 S_0 state which can only decay via simultaneous emission of two photons to the ground state 1s^2 ^1 S_0. X-ray/X-ray coincidence measurements in heavy ionatom collisions enable the direct measurement of the spectral distribution of the two-photon decay in He-like ions. In addition, we observe strong photon cascades indueed by radiative electron capture.

Elastic nuclear scattering at intermediate and relativistic energies

The classical scattering cross section of two colliding nuclei at intermediate and relativistic energies is reevaluated. The influence of retardation and magnetic field effects is taken into account. Corrections due to electron screening as well as due to attractive nuclear forces are discussed. This paper represents an addendum to [l].

Der Momentum-Effekt und Momentum-Handelsstrategien

Diese Arbeit weist Momentum-Renditen für europäische Aktien im Zeitraum von 1991 bis 2010 nach, die – je nach Top/Flop-Prozentsatz – vor Kosten zwischen 6 und 19% p.a. liegen. Gleichzeitig liegen mit hohen Standardabweichungen, negativen Schiefe-Werten und hohen Drawdowns drei wesentliche Risikofaktoren vor. Für die Kernuntersuchungen des Top/Flop-Wertes von 5% treten die höchsten Momentum-Renditen von mehr als 10% p.a. für Ranking-Perioden von 80 bis 100 und Holding-Perioden von 60 bis 90 Handelstagen auf. Grundsätzlich sind die extremsten Aktien der Ranking-Periode entscheidend für die Ausprägung des Momentum-Effekts. Gleichzeitig steigen mit zunehmender Eingrenzung des Top/Flop-Wertes die Risiken, was eine Erklärung hoher Momentum-Renditen aus Sicht der Risikoaversions-Theorie nahelegt. Auch die Berücksichtigung zusätzlicher Filterbedingungen (Gleitende Durchschnitte, Handelsvolumen, Low Volatility) ermöglicht leicht höhere Momentum-Renditen bei entsprechend höheren Risiken. Zwischen dem Momentum-Effekt und dem Auftreten von Kurslücken besteht dagegen kein klarer Zusammenhang. Für die praktische Anwendung sind Momentum-Strategien mit dynamischer Positionsverwaltung während der Haltedauer interessant. Untersucht wurden Strategien anhand der eigens programmierten Simulationsverfahren Stopout und Castout sowie eines kombinierten Verfahrens. Im Ergebnis sind – je nach Präferenz des Investors – das Castout- und das kombinierte Verfahren optimal. Für das Rebalancing der Portfolios empfiehlt es sich, zu den entsprechenden Terminen jeweils nur die Short-Seite auf den Startwert zurückzusetzen. Weiterhin zeigen die Untersuchungen, dass deutliche Long-Übergewichtungen bei Momentum-Strategien grundsätzlich von Vorteil sind. Potenzielle Verbesserungen der Ergebnisse können durch weitere Stopp-Abstände, eine Verringerung des Top/Flop-Wertes oder eine längere Ranking-Periode erzielt werden. Weiterhin sind für die Praxis Long-only-Strategien auf Basis von Doppelranking-Verfahren attraktiv, bei denen das Zweitranking nach Standardabweichung oder Rendite/Standardabweichungs-Ratio erfolgt.