18 resultados para Gustav Hasford

em Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, Universität Kassel, Germany


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Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich aus interdisziplinärer (musikwissenschaftlicher, literaturwissenschaftlicher und theologischer) Sicht mit den Biographien Brechts und Weills und ihrem bekanntesten gemeinsamen Werk, der Dreigroschenoper. Im ersten Teil werden anhand von Selbstäußerungen in Briefen und Tagebüchern die Biographien beider Künstler mit Blick auf Spuren von religiöser Biographie, Frömmigkeit und argumentativer Auseinandersetzung mit ihrer jeweiligen Heimatreligion – für Brecht das Christentum und für Weill das Judentum – untersucht. Die in der Forschung pauschal gehaltene These von einer intensiven religiösen Sozialisation beider Künstler ist zwar gerechtfertigt und vor allem für Brecht bekannt, stellt aber nur einen Ausgangspunkt für differenziertere Untersuchungen dar. Dazu gehört es religiöse Existenz als bedeutenden und künstlerisch wirksamen Bestandteil von Persönlichkeitsentwicklung zu verstehen. Religiöse Existenz darf nicht, wie es fast durchgängig in der Forschung zu Brecht und Weill geschieht, auf eine affirmative Grundhaltung begrenzt werden, auch dürfen nicht christliche und jüdische Sozialisation gleichgesetzt werden. Daher sind auch die in der Arbeit gewonnenen exemplarischen Einblicke in Glaubensvorstellungen und Lebenspraxis von Juden und Christen im ausgehenden Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik von besonderer Bedeutung. Auch reicht die bloße Feststellung einer intensiven religiösen Sozialisation nicht aus um wirklich zu beschreiben, was sie jeweils – etwa die Schabbatpraxis im Hause Weill oder Brechts Zweifel am Christentum während der Krankheit seines Vaters – bedeuten und bewirken kann. Mit der in der Dissertation vorgenommenen differenzierten Sichtung von Biographie wird weder die „Moderation“ der eigenen Biographie durch die Künstler außer Acht gelassen noch das künstlerische Werk der Biographie untergeordnet. Es wird vielmehr in der Verknüpfung der mehrdimensionalen Bezugssysteme das geschichtliche und damit auch das biographische Werden eines Werkes gleichzeitig als Charakteristikum seiner Ästhetik verstanden. Für die religiöse Dimension der Dreigroschenoper gilt ähnliches wie für die Sicht auf die religiösen Sozialisationen. Einige der offensichtlichen Anspielungen auf religiöse Kontexte gelten als bekannt. Dabei werden aber Tiefendimensionen und Ambivalenzen vernachlässigt, welche bei der Verwendung der zumeist biblischen Spuren mitschwingen und die auch für die Künstler mitschwingen konnten (Buch Rut, Passion Jesu etc.). An diesem Punkt setzt die Untersuchung im zweiten Teil der Arbeit ein, welche die versteckten, verdeckten oder nur oberflächlich untersuchten Spuren religiöser Konnotation in der Dreigroschenoper ermittelt und wieder verständlich macht. Brecht war nicht Theologe und schon gar nicht Exeget war, er war aber als Literat und als christlich sozialisierter Künstler in der Lage, kontextuelle Zusammenhänge, innerbiblische Verweise und Leerstellen biblischer Texte zu erkennen. Daher ist es für die Interpretation der Dreigroschenoper auch wesentlich, biblische Hintergründe und ausgewählte theologische Erkenntnisse heranzuziehen. Durch den Rückgriff auf Biblisches und damit auf jüdische und christliche Tradition wird nicht nur die Komplexität der Dreigroschenoper verdeutlicht, sondern gleichsam rückwirkend die Komplexität biblischer Theologie sichtbar. Der Komponist darf bei diesem künstlerischen Verarbeitungsprozess religiöser Kontexte nicht verdrängt werden. Die Frage nach religiös semantisierbarer Musik ist trotz aller Schwierigkeiten notwendig. Der Blick auf Weills Biographie, sein Aufwachsen im Hause eines jüdischen Kantors, seine Kenntnis der Synagogalmusik, seine künstlerische Verbundenheit mit Gustav Mahler, seine Kenntnis von Orgelmusik, Chorälen und den bachschen Passion und seine Selbstreflexion über sich als Künstler, der Jude war, fordert in dieser Hinsicht eine differenzierte und funktionale Sicht auf religiöse Semantik in der Musik. In der Dreigroschenoper spiegeln sich Säkularisierungsprozesse wider, doch bleibt trotz dieser Prozesse ein Bewusstsein für die religiösen Traditions- und Erklärungsmuster erhalten. Dieses gilt es wieder zu erschließen, da es untrennbar zum Werk, zur Werkästhetik und damit zu seinem Verständnis gehört. Die Dreigroschenoper verdeutlicht darüber hinaus, dass die religiöse Dimension noch in der Distanzierung bedeutsam bleibt. Auch daran wird erkennbar, wie sehr eine Gesellschaft von Voraussetzungen lebt, die sie nicht selbst hergestellt hat. Die Dreigroschenoper kann somit heute auch zu einem Lehrstück für kulturelle Codes werden.

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Femtosecond laser pulses are applied to the study of the dynamics and the pathways of multiphoton-induced ionization, autoionization, and fragmentation of Na_2 in molecular-beam experiments. In particular, we report on first results obtained studying electronic autoionization (leading to Na_2{^+} + {e ^-}) and autoionization-induced fragmentation (leading to Na{^+} + Na + {e ^-}) of a bound doubly excited molecular state. The final continuum states are analyzed by photoelectron spectroscopy and by measuring the mass and the released kinetic energy of the corresponding ionic fragments with a time-of-flight arrangement.

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We report on the first femtosecond time-resolved experiments in cluster physics. The photofragmentation dynamics of small sodium cluster ions Na_n ^+ have been studied with pump-probe techniques. Ultrashort laser pulses of 60-fs duration are employed to photoionize the sodium clusters and to probe the photofragments. We find that the ejection of neutral dimer Na_2 and, observed for the first time, neutral trimer Na_3 photofragments occur on ultrashort time scales of 2.5 and 0.4 ps, respectively. This and the absence of cluster heating reveals that direct photoinduced fragmentation processes are important at short times rather than the statistical unimolecular decay.

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The real-time dynamics of Na_n (n=3-21) cluster multiphoton ionization and fragmentation has been studied in beam experiments applying femtosecond pump-probe techniques in combination with ion and electron spectroscopy. Three dimensional wave packet motions in the trimer Na_3 ground state X and excited state B have been observed. We report the first study of cluster properties (energy, bandwidth and lifetime of intermediate resonances Na_n^*) with femtosecond laser pulses. The observation of four absorption resonances for the cluster Na_8 with different energy widths and different decay patterns is more difficult to interpret by surface plasmon like resonances than by molecular structure and dynamics. Timeresolved fragmentation of cluster ions Na_n^+ indicates that direct photo-induced fragmentation processes are more important at short times than the statistical unimolecular decay.

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The dynamics of molecular multiphoton ionization and fragmentation of a diatomic molecule (Na_2) have been studied in molecular beam experiments. Femtosecond laser pulses from an amplified colliding-pulse mode-locked (CPM) ring dye laser are employed to induce and probe the molecular transitions. The final continuum states are analyzed by photoelectron spectroscopy, by ion mass spectrometry and by measuring the kinetic energy of the formed ionic fragments. Pump-probe spectra employing 70-fs laser pulses have been measured to study the time dependence of molecular multiphoton ionization and fragmentation. The oscillatory structure of the transient spectra showing the dynamics on the femtosecond time scale can best be understood in terms of the motion of wave packets in bound molecular potentials. The transient Na_2^+ ionization and the transient Na^+ fragmentation spectra show that contributions from direct photoionization of a singly excited electronic state and from excitation and autoionization of a bound doubly excited molecular state determine the time evolution of molecular multiphoton ionization.

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We report here the first experimental study of femtosecond time-resolved molecular multiphoton ionization. Femtosecond pump-probe techniques are combined with time-of-flight spectroscopy to measure transient ionization spectra of Na_2 in a molecular-beam experiment. The wave-packet motions in different molecular potentials show that incoherent contributions from direct photoionization of a singly excited state and from excitation and autoionization of a bound doubly excited molecular state determine the observed transient ionization signal.

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The real-time dynamics of molecular (Na_2 . Na_3) and cluster Na_n (n=4-2l) multiphoton ionization and -fragmentation has been studied in beam experiments applying femtosecond pump-probe techniques in combination with ion and electron spectroscopy. Wave packet motion in the dimer Na_2 reveals two independent multiphoton ionization processes while the higher dimensional motion in the trimer Na_3 reflects the chaotic vibrational motion in this floppy system. The first studies of cluster properties (energy, bandwidth and lifetime of intermediate resonances Na^*_n) ) with femtosecond laser pulses give a striking illustration of the transition from "molecule-like" excitations to "surfaceplasma"-like resonances for increasing cluster sizes. Time-resolved fragmentation of cluster ions Na_n^* indicate that direct photo-induced fragmentation processes are more important at short times than the statistical unimolecular decay.

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Femtosecond laser pulses generated from an amplified coiliding pulse modelocked ring dye laser have been employed in molecular beam experiments to study the dynamics and the pathways of multiphoton induced ionization, autoionization and fragmentation of Na2 . Energy distributions of photoelectrons arising from these processes and the mass and released kinetic energy of the corresponding fragment ions are measured by time-of-flight spectroscopy.

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The real-time dynamics of multiphoton ionization and fragmentation of molecules Na_2 and Na_3 has been studied in molecular beam experiments employing ion and electron spectroscopy together with femtosecond pump-probe techniques. Experiments with Na_2 and Na_3 reveal unexpected features of the dynamics of the absorption of several photons as seen in the one- and three-dimensional vibrational wave packet motion in different potential surfaces and in high laser fields: In Na_2 a second major resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) process is observed, involving the excitation of two electrons and subsequent electronic autoionization. The possibility of controlling a reaction by controlling the duration of propagation of a wave packet on an electronically-excited surface is demonstrated. In high laser fields, the contributions from direct photoionization and from the second REMPI process to the total ion yield change, due to different populations in the electronic states participating in the multiphoton ionization (MPI) processes. In addition, a vibrational wave packet motion in the electronic ground state is induced through stimulated emission pumping by the pump laser. The 4^1 \summe^+_g shelf state of Na_2 is given as an example for performing frequency spectroscopy of highlying electronic states in the time domain. Pure wave packet effects, such as the spreading and the revival of a vibrational wave packet, are investigated. The three-dimensional wave packet motion in the Na_3 reflects the normal modes in the X and B states, and shows in addition the pseudorotational motion in the B state in real time.

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Femtosecond pump/probe multiphoton ionization experiments on Na_2 molecules are performed. The dependence of the total Na^+_2 ion signal on the delay time and the intensity of the femtosecond laser pulses is studied in detail. It is observed that molecular vibrational wavepacket motion in different electronic states dominates the time dependence of the ion signal. For higher laser intensities the relative contributions from the A ^1 \summe^+_u and the 2 ^1 \produkt__g states change dramatically, indicating the increasing importance of a two-electron versus a one-electron process. For even stronger fields (10 ^12 W/ cm²) a vibrational wavepacket in the electronic ground state X ^1 \summe^+_g is formed and its dynamics is also observed in the transient Na^+_2 signal. Time-dependent quantum calculations are presented. The theoretical results agree well with the experiment.

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The motion of a vibrational wave packet in the bound A(^1 \summe^+_u) electronic state of the sodium dimer is detected in a femtosecond pump/probe molecular beam experiment. For short times harmonic motion is seen in the total ion yield of Na^+_2 as a function of delay time between the two laser pulses. The spreading of the wave packet results in the loss of the periodic variation of the ion signal. For longer delay times (47 ps) the wave packet regains its initial form which is reflected in the revival structure of the Na^+_2 signal. Time-dependent quantum calculations reproduce the measured effects.

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We report time-resolved experiments studying the dynamics of the Na_3 B-X system. Femtosecond pump-probe techniques combined with ion time-of-flight (TOF) and zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy allow us to observe the three-dimensional wavepacket motion in the excited Na_3 B state and in the Na_3 X state. The ground state wavepacket is induced by stimulated emission pumping during the pump pulse. The X-state dynamics is dominated by the three vibrational modes of the Na_3. Furthermore we observed pseudorotational wavepacket motion in the B state. We do not observe a fragmentation of the B state within a time interval of 10 ps.

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We present a comparison between experimental and theoretical results for pump/probe multiphoton ionizing transitions of the sodium dimer, initiated by femtosecond laser pulses. It is shown that the motion of vibrational wavepackets in two electronic states is probed simultaneously and their dynamics is reflected in the total Na^+_2 ion signal which is recorded as a function of the time delay between pump and probe pulse. The time dependent quantum calculations demonstrate that two ionization pathways leading to the same final states of the molecularion exist: one gives an oscillating contribution to the ion signal, the other yields a constant background. From additional measurements of the Na^+ -transient photofragmentation spectrum it is deduced that another ionization process leading to different final ionic states exists. The process includes the excitation of a doubly excitedbound Rydberg state. This conclusion is supported by the theoretical simulation.