3 resultados para Gemeinnützige Organisation

em Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, Universität Kassel, Germany


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NGOs werden von einem idealtypischen, perfektionistischen, Homogenität vermittelnden Schleier umgeben, der es schwer macht, die eigentlichen definitorischen Strukturen des NGO-Begriffs zu erfassen. In meiner Dissertation konnte ich dieses in der allgemeinen Öffentlichkeit vorherrschende Image beiseite schieben und erlangte somit einen Blick auf die eigentlichen Strukturen der NGOs. Im weiteren Verlauf versuchte ich die Verortung der NGOs in der Gesellschaft zu lokalisieren. Dies stellte sich sowohl im theoretischen als auch im empirischen Teil, in dem ich Interviews ausgewertet habe, die ich zuvor mit Experten verschiedenster deutscher und brasilianischer NGOs durchführte, als äußerst schwieriges Unterfangen dar. Dies lag zum einem daran, dass abseits der von der UN 1996 aufgestellten NGO-Kriterien keine allgemeingültigen, obligatorisch normativen NGO Definitionen existieren und zum anderen, dass die NGOs und deren Arbeitsfelder so heterogen sind, dass es nahezu unmöglich ist, Definitionskriterien aufzustellen, die allen NGOs gerecht werden könnten. NGOs erbringen einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Interessenvertretung sowie zum Zusammenschluss von Benachteiligten, damit diese ihre (Bürger-) Rechte wahrnehmen und gemeinsam Veränderungen bewirken können. Anhand von Kompetenzaufbau, Ermittlung der Ursachen der Ausgrenzung und deren Beseitigung wird versucht, die Veränderungen aktiv zu gestalten. NGOs fördern somit die Selbstorganisation und bündeln die Belange der Betroffenen. Festzuhalten ist, dass die NGOs ein immens wichtiges Element in der Zivilgesellschaft darstellen. Sie sind Ausdruck des politischen, sozialen und solidarischen Wollens von Menschen, die an der Gemeinschaft teilhaben, ihre Rechte geltend machen und den Istzustand des Systems nicht mehr einfach ohne Gegenwehr hinnehmen wollen. Das zivilgesellschaftliche Engagement ist, so zeigt die wachsende Bedeutung von NGOs, ungebrochen stark. Aber es ist aufgrund seiner großen Vielfalt weder begrifflich noch organisatorisch auf einen einzigen Nenner zu bringen. Das ist offenbar die Stärke eines zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements, das die Schwächen eines gesellschaftlichen Systems aufnimmt: Staat und Markt sind nicht die einzigen Akteure, von denen gesellschaftlicher Wandel und sozialer Friede zugleich begünstigt werden können.

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A series of vectors for the over-expression of tagged proteins in Dictyostelium were designed, constructed and tested. These vectors allow the addition of an N- or C-terminal tag (GFP, RFP, 3xFLAG, 3xHA, 6xMYC and TAP) with an optimized polylinker sequence and no additional amino acid residues at the N or C terminus. Different selectable markers (Blasticidin and gentamicin) are available as well as an extra chromosomal version; these allow copy number and thus expression level to be controlled, as well as allowing for more options with regard to complementation, co- and super-transformation. Finally, the vectors share standardized cloning sites, allowing a gene of interest to be easily transfered between the different versions of the vectors as experimental requirements evolve. The organisation and dynamics of the Dictyostelium nucleus during the cell cycle was investigated. The centromeric histone H3 (CenH3) variant serves to target the kinetochore to the centromeres and thus ensures correct chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. A number of Dictyostelium histone H3-domain containing proteins as GFP-tagged fusions were expressed and it was found that one of them functions as CenH3 in this species. Like CenH3 from some other species, Dictyostelium CenH3 has an extended N-terminal domain with no similarity to any other known proteins. The targeting domain, comprising α-helix 2 and loop 1 of the histone fold is required for targeting CenH3 to centromeres. Compared to the targeting domain of other known and putative CenH3 species, Dictyostelium CenH3 has a shorter loop 1 region. The localisation of a variety of histone modifications and histone modifying enzymes was examined. Using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and CenH3 chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) it was shown that the six telocentric centromeres contain all of the DIRS-1 and most of the DDT-A and skipper transposons. During interphase the centromeres remain attached to the centrosome resulting in a single CenH3 cluster which also contains the putative histone H3K9 methyltransferase SuvA, H3K9me3 and HP1 (heterochromatin protein 1). Except for the centromere cluster and a number of small foci at the nuclear periphery opposite the centromeres, the rest of the nucleus is largely devoid of transposons and heterochromatin associated histone modifications. At least some of the small foci correspond to the distal telomeres, suggesting that the chromosomes are organised in a Rabl-like manner. It was found that in contrast to metazoans, loading of CenH3 onto Dictyostelium centromeres occurs in late G2 phase. Transformation of Dictyostelium with vectors carrying the G418 resistance cassette typically results in the vector integrating into the genome in one or a few tandem arrays of approximately a hundred copies. In contrast, plasmids containing a Blasticidin resistance cassette integrate as single or a few copies. The behaviour of transgenes in the nucleus was examined by FISH, and it was found that low copy transgenes show apparently random distribution within the nucleus, while transgenes with more than approximately 10 copies cluster at or immediately adjacent to the centromeres in interphase cells regardless of the actual integration site along the chromosome. During mitosis the transgenes show centromere-like behaviour, and ChIP experiments show that transgenes contain the heterochromatin marker H3K9me2 and the centromeric histone variant H3v1. This clustering, and centromere-like behaviour was not observed on extrachromosomal transgenes, nor on a line where the transgene had integrated into the extrachromosomal rDNA palindrome. This suggests that it is the repetitive nature of the transgenes that causes the centromere-like behaviour. A Dictyostelium homolog of DET1, a protein largely restricted to multicellular eukaryotes where it has a role in developmental regulation was identified. As in other species Dictyostelium DET1 is nuclear localised. In ChIP experiments DET1 was found to bind the promoters of a number of developmentally regulated loci. In contrast to other species where it is an essential protein, loss of DET1 is not lethal in Dictyostelium, although viability is greatly reduced. Loss of DET1 results in delayed and abnormal development with enlarged aggregation territories. Mutant slugs displayed apparent cell type patterning with a bias towards pre-stalk cell types.