CD-Systems of Restarting Automata Governed by Explicit Enable and Disable Conditions

We introduce a new mode of operation for CD-systems of restarting automata by providing explicit enable and disable conditions in the form of regular constraints. We show that, for each CD-system M of restarting automata and each mode m of operation considered by Messerschmidt and Otto, there exists a CD-system M' of restarting automata of the same type as M that, working in the new mode ed, accepts the language that M accepts in mode m. Further, we prove that in mode ed, a locally deterministic CD-system of restarting automata of type RR(W)(W) can be simulated by a locally deterministic CD-system of restarting automata of the more restricted type R(W)(W). This is the first time that a non-monotone type of R-automaton without auxiliary symbols is shown to be as expressive as the corresponding type of RR-automaton.

Chancen und Risiken der Arbeit im E-Business

E-Business, verstanden als ganzheitliche Strategie zur Reorganisation von Geschäftsprozessen, Strukturen und Beziehungen in Unternehmen, bietet für die Arbeitsgestaltung in einer digital vernetzten Welt Chancen und Risiken in Hinblick auf die Humankriterien. Empirische Untersuchungen in 14 Unternehmen zeigen „good practice“-Ansätze im B2B-Feld (Business-to-Business). Untersucht wurden die Tätigkeiten der elektronisch vernetzten Auftragsbearbeitung, des Web-, Content-Managements, der digitalen Druckvorlagenherstellung sowie der CAD- Bauplanzeichnung. Die beobachteten Arbeitsplätze zeigen, dass Arbeitsinhalte eher ganzheitlich und komplex gestaltet sind. Planende, ausführende, kontrollierende und organisierende Anteile weisen auf eine vielfältige Aufgabengestaltung hin, die hohe Anforderungen beinhaltet. Während alle beobachteten Tätigkeiten mit Aufnahme-, Erarbeitungs-, Verarbeitungs-, Übertragungs- und Weitergabeprozessen von Informationen zu tun haben, gibt es Differenzen in Bezug auf den Arbeitsumfang, den Zeitdruck, Fristsetzungen, erwartete Arbeitsleistungen sowie die Planbarkeit der Aufgaben. Die vorgefundenen Aufgabentypen (wenig bis sehr anforderungsreich im Sinne von Denk- und Planungsanforderungen) sind gekennzeichnet durch eine unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Aufgabenkomplexität. Interessant ist, dass, je anforderungsreicher die Aufgabengestaltung, je höher die Aufgabenkomplexität, je größer die Wissensintensität und je niedriger die Planbarkeit ist, desto größer sind die Freiräume in der Aufgabenausführung. Das heißt wiederum, dass bei zunehmenden E-Business-Anteilen mehr Gestaltungsspielräume zur Verfügung stehen. Die bestehenden Chancen auf eine humane Aufgabengestaltung sind umso größer, je höher die E-Business-Anteile in der Arbeit sind. Diese Wirkung findet sich auch bei einem Vergleich der Aufgabenbestandteile wieder. Die negativen Seiten des E-Business zeigen sich in den vorgefundenen Belastungen, die auf die Beschäftigten einwirken. Diskutiert wird die Verschiebung von körperlichen hin zu psychischen und vorrangig informatorischen Belastungen. Letztere stellen ein neues Belastungsfeld dar. Ressourcen, auf welche die Mitarbeiter zurückgreifen können, sind an allen Arbeitsplätzen vorhanden, allerdings unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt. Personale, organisationale, soziale, aufgabenbezogene und informatorische Ressourcen, die den Beschäftigten zur Verfügung stehen, werden angesprochen. In Bezug auf die Organisationsgestaltung sind positive Ansätze in den untersuchten E-Business-Unternehmen zu beobachten. Der Großteil der untersuchten Betriebe hat neue Arbeitsorganisationskonzepte realisiert, wie die vorgefundenen kooperativen Organisationselemente zeigen. Die kooperativen Organisationsformen gehen allerdings nicht mit einer belastungsärmeren Gestaltung einher. Das vorgefundene breite Spektrum, von hierarchisch organisierten Strukturen bis hin zu prozess- und mitarbeiterorientierten Organisationsstrukturen, zeigt, dass Organisationsmodelle im E-Business gestaltbar sind. Neuen Anforderungen kann insofern gestaltend begegnet und somit die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden der Mitarbeiter positiv beeinflusst werden. Insgesamt betrachtet, zeigt E-Business ein ambivalentes Gesicht, das auf der Basis des MTO-Modells (Mensch-Technik-Organisation) von Uhlich (1994) diskutiert wird, indem vernetzte Arbeitsprozesse auf personeller, technischer sowie organisationaler Ebene betrachtet werden. E-business, seen as more than only the transformation of usual business processes into digital ones, furthermore as an instrument of reorganisation of processes and organisation structures within companies, offers chances for a human oriented work organisation. Empirical data of 14 case studies provide good practice approaches in the field of B2B (Business-to-Business). The observed work contents show, that tasks (e.g. order processing, web-, contentmanagement, first print manufacturing and architectural drawing) are well arranged. Executive, organising, controlling and coordinating parts constitute a diversified work content, which can be organised with high demands. Interesting is the result, that the more e-business-parts are within the work contents, on the one hand the higher are the demands of the type of work and on the other hand the larger is the influence on workmanship. The observed enterprises have realised new elements of work organisation, e.g. flexible working time, cooperative leadership or team work. The direct participation of the employees can be strengthened, in particular within the transformation process. Those companies in which the employees were early and well informed about the changes coming up with e-business work, the acceptance for new technique and new processes is higher than in companies which did not involve the person concerned. Structured in an ergonomic way, there were found bad patterns of behaviour concerning ergonomic aspects, because of missing knowledge regarding work-related ergonomic expertise by the employees. E-business indicates new aspects concerning requirements – new in the field of informational demands, as a result of poorly conceived technical balance in the researched SME. Broken systems cause interruptions, which increase the pressure of time all the more. Because of the inadequate usability of software-systems there appear in addition to the informational strains also elements of psychological stress. All in all, work contents and work conditions can be shaped and as a result the health and well-being of e-business-employees can be influenced: Tasks can be structured and organised in a healthfulness way, physiological strain and psychological stress are capable of being influenced, resources are existent and developable, a human work design within e-business structures is possible. The ambivalent face of e-business work is discussed on the basis of the MTO- (Mensch-Technik-Organisation) model (Ulich 1994). Thereby new and interesting results of researches are found out, concerning the personal/human side, the technical side and the organisational side of e-business work.

Wastewater Treatment Project for Palma Soriano, Cuba: Assessment of Cultural and Ecological Conditions

The Palma Project is an experiment in the use of cultural identity as a social trigger to address ecological degradation. The research methodology draws from environmental, social and urban analyses to unveil the best strategy to address the ecological, river restoration and water treatment challenges in Berkeley, California’s “Sister City” in southeast Cuba, Palma Soriano. The objective is to provide a better quality of life and to create new opportunities for the local community to reconnect with natural cycles of water and the cultivation of their own land. The project aim is to promote the strength and capacity of local communities to protect their own environment based upon a master plan, which includes natural wastewater treatment, reforestation, urban agriculture and the facilitation and utilization of a public space bordering the major river which flows by Palma Soriano, the Cauto. This project will contribute and produce healthy water recycling for Palma, provide a potable water source for the city, encourage ecological restoration of the riparian zone of the Cauto, and provide new opportunities for food production. It is designed to preserve the cultural identity of the local community, and to restore the essential balance between the community’s need to sustain both itself and the natural environment.

Studies on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in the Alentejo (Portugal) using pea mutants resistant to AM fungi as a control tool for field conditions

The utilization and management of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis may improve production and sustainability of the cropping system. For this purpose, native AM fungi (AMF) were sought and tested for their efficiency to increase plant growth by enhanced P uptake and by alleviation of drought stress. Pot experiments with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and pea (Pisum sativum) in five soils (mostly sandy loamy Luvisols) and field experiments with peas were carried out during three years at four different sites. Host plants were grown in heated soils inoculated with AMF or the respective heat sterilized inoculum. In the case of peas, mutants resistant to AMF colonization were used as non-mycorrhizal controls. The mycorrhizal impact on yields and its components, transpiration, and P and N uptake was studied in several experiments, partly under varying P and N levels and water supply. Screening of native AMF by most probable number bioassays was not very meaningful. Soil monoliths were placed in the open to simulate field conditions. Inoculation with a native AMF mix improved grain yield, shoot and leaf growth variables as compared to control. Exposed to drought, higher soil water depletion of mycorrhizal plants resulted in a haying-off effect. The growth response to this inoculum could not be significantly reproduced in a subsequent open air pot experiment at two levels of irrigation and P fertilization, however, safflower grew better at higher P and water supply by multiples. The water use efficiency concerning biomass was improved by the AMF inoculum in the two experiments. Transpiration rates were not significantly affected by AM but as a tendency were higher in non-mycorrhizal safflower. A fundamental methodological problem in mycorrhiza field research is providing an appropriate (negative) control for the experimental factor arbuscular mycorrhiza. Soil sterilization or fungicide treatment have undesirable side effects in field and greenhouse settings. Furthermore, artificial rooting, temperature and light conditions in pot experiments may interfere with the interpretation of mycorrhiza effects. Therefore, the myc- pea mutant P2 was tested as a non-mycorrhizal control in a bioassay to evaluate AMF under field conditions in comparison to the symbiotic isogenetic wild type of var. FRISSON as a new integrative approach. However, mutant P2 is also of nod- phenotype and therefore unable to fix N2. A 3-factorial experiment was carried out in a climate chamber at high NPK fertilization to examine the two isolines under non-symbiotic and symbiotic conditions. P2 achieved the same (or higher) biomass as wild type both under good and poor water supply. However, inoculation with the AMF Glomus manihot did not improve plant growth. Differences of grain and straw yields in field trials were large (up to 80 per cent) between those isogenetic pea lines mainly due to higher P uptake under P and water limited conditions. The lacking N2 fixation in mutants was compensated for by high mineral N supply as indicated by the high N status of the pea mutant plants. This finding was corroborated by the results of a major field experiment at three sites with two levels of N fertilization. The higher N rate did not affect grain or straw yields of the non-fixing mutants. Very efficient AMF were detected in a Ferric Luvisol on pasture land as revealed by yield levels of the evaluation crop and by functional vital staining of highly colonized roots. Generally, levels of grain yield were low, at between 40 and 980 kg ha-1. An additional pot trial was carried out to elucidate the strong mycorrhizal effect in the Ferric Luvisol. A triplication of the plant equivalent field P fertilization was necessary to compensate for the mycorrhizal benefit which was with five times higher grain yield very similar to that found in the field experiment. However, the yield differences between the two isolines were not always plausible as the evaluation variable because they were also found in (small) field test trials with apparently sufficient P and N supply and in a soil of almost no AMF potential. This similarly occurred for pea lines of var. SPARKLE and its non-fixing mycorrhizal (E135) and non-symbiotic (R25) isomutants, which were tested in order to exclude experimentally undesirable benefits by N2 fixation. In contrast to var. FRISSON, SPARKLE was not a suitable variety for Mediterranean field conditions. This raises suspicion putative genetic defects other than symbiotic ones may be effective under field conditions, which would conflict with the concept of an appropriate control. It was concluded that AMF resistant plants may help to overcome fundamental problems of present research on arbuscular mycorrhiza, but may create new ones.

Ökonomie und Arbeit. Der Kontext von Supervision

Supervision ist Beratung beruflichen Handelns. Zentrales Anliegen der Dissertation ist die Entwicklung der Arbeitswelt in der Moderne sowie die aktuellen Veränderungen näher zu beleuchten, um ihre Bedeutung für die Supervision zu eruieren. Vorab werden die Geschichte und Weiterentwicklung der Supervision mit ihren Spannungsfeldern skizziert. Der Hauptteil handelt von der Herausbildung und Durchsetzung der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise. Es wird dargelegt, was für ein vielschichtiger Prozess für den einzelnen und die Gesellschaft in Gang gesetzt wurde, um die moderne Wirtschaftsweise zu installieren und welche Unterstützung aus anderen Bereichen -Religion, Politik etc. - dazu von Nöten war. Darüber hinaus wird aufgezeigt, welche Konflikte von Anfang an vorhanden waren. Das Hauptaugenmerk richtet sich auf die Prämissen der modernen Arbeitswelt und die mögliche Inkompatibilität ihrer Anliegen: Gewinn und Gerechtigkeit, Konkurrenz und Kooperation, freier Markt und staatliche Regulation, Gleichheit und Spezialisierung, Individualität und Kollektivität. Konflikte und Verstrickungen, die sich daraus für den arbeitenden Menschen ergeben und somit Thema für die Supervision wurden, werden herausgearbeitet. In bezug auf Supervision wird dargestellt, welche Problematik der Wirtschaftsweise immanent ist und schwerlich durch Beratung aufgelöst werden kann. Eine bedeutsame Stellung nimmt die Arbeit als eine zentrale Kategorie der Ökonomie ein. Die Verflechtung von Arbeit und Ökonomie sowie der Entwicklungsverlauf von Arbeit werden skizziert: vom Fordismus zur Globalisierung. Beschrieben und erörtert werden die Konsequenzen für die aktuellen Arbeitsformen und -bedingungen durch die Produktivkraftentwicklung und die neuen Produktionskonzepte. Arbeit wird kritisch in ihrer Funktion für die kapitalistische Produktionsweise reflektiert, mit ihren Beeinträchtigungen für den tätigen Menschen. Das ambivalente Verhältnis von Mensch und Ökonomie wird als das signifikanteste Spannungsfeld für die Supervision betrachtet, verbunden mit der Herausforderung, Supervision nicht zu einer Beratungstechnologie zur Anpassung und Funktionalisierung des Menschen an die sich immer rascher verändernde Arbeitswelt zu zuschneiden.

Hyperspectral field measurements to determine dry matter yield and nutritive value of legume-grass swards

Summary: Productivity, botanical composition and forage quality of legume-grass swards are important factors for successful arable farming in both organic and conventional farming systems. As these attributes can vary considerably within a field, a non-destructive method of detection while doing other tasks would facilitate a more targeted management of crops, forage and nutrients in the soil-plant-animal system. This study was undertaken to explore the potential of field spectral measurements for a non destructive prediction of dry matter (DM) yield, legume proportion in the sward, metabolizable energy (ME), ash content, crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of legume-grass mixtures. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse under controlled conditions which allowed collecting spectral measurements which were free from interferences such as wind, passing clouds and changing angles of solar irradiation. In a second step this initial investigation was evaluated in the field by a two year experiment with the same legume-grass swards. Several techniques for analysis of the hyperspectral data set were examined in this study: four vegetation indices (VIs): simple ratio (SR), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and red edge position (REP), two-waveband reflectance ratios, modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR). The results showed the potential of field spectroscopy and proved its usefulness for the prediction of DM yield, ash content and CP across a wide range of legume proportion and growth stage. In all investigations prediction accuracy of DM yield, ash content and CP could be improved by legume-specific calibrations which included mixtures and pure swards of perennial ryegrass and of the respective legume species. The comparison between the greenhouse and the field experiments showed that the interaction between spectral reflectance and weather conditions as well as incidence angle of light interfered with an accurate determination of DM yield. Further research is hence needed to improve the validity of spectral measurements in the field. Furthermore, the developed models should be tested on varying sites and vegetation periods to enhance the robustness and portability of the models to other environmental conditions.

Work and economic security in the 21st century

In recent decades there has been a transformation of two central concepts of modernity – labour and the household. Ela Bhatt – the founder of the Self-Employed Women’s Association of India (SEWA), has made an important contribution to this transformation. Through the emergence of unions such as SEWA, the notion of who represents labour is being broadened; the marginalised are finding an institutional voice. Increasingly, the household is being recognised as a site of both production and reproduction. SEWA is not a traditional trade union that aims, through collective bargaining with an employer, to improve its members’ wages and working conditions as sellers of their labour power. Instead, it aims to empower women economically in the informal economy by bringing them into the mainstream economy as owners of their labour. The union dimension of SEWA builds their collective power through struggle; the cooperative dimension translates their bargaining power into the economic and social development of its members and their community. Besides, Bhatt’s approach to the self-employed was a direct challenge to the ILO’s tripartism when it was established in the early seventies. The first part of the paper provides a short biography of Ela Bhatt, describes the origins of SEWA, analyses a ‘classification struggle’ over how and who is to define what a worker is. In the second part the author considers SEWAs innovative organizing strategy and is rethinking modernity in the labour context. In the conclusion the paper discusses the lessons that can be learnt from Ela Bhatt.