Visualisierungsverfahren zur Interaktion mit objekt-relationalen Datenbanken

In der vorliegenden Arbeit 1 wird ein neues, erweiter- und konfigurierbares Visualisierungsverfahren zur Interaktion mit komplex strukturierten Datenobjekten vorgestellt. Die Erweiterbarkeit bezieht sich dabei auf die vom Verfahren einsetzbaren Techniken der Visualisierung (Visualisierungsfunktionen) und auf die in das Verfahren integrierte Interaktion. Die mit dem Verfahren generierbaren Repräsentationen sind besonders zum Browsen in den Objekten und zum Editieren der Objekte geeignet, die typischerweise in objekt-relationalen Datenbanken gespeichert werden. Die generierten Repräsentationen können modulartig in vorhandene graphische Benutzerschnittstellen integriert werden oder als vollständige graphische Benutzerschnittstelle einer Anwendung eingesetzt werden. Modularität und Orthogonalität, also die sinnvolle Aufteilung in Funktionseinheiten und die Möglichkeit, Methoden einer Komponente auf andere Komponenten anzuwenden, werden als Mittel eingesetzt, mit weniger Komponenten mehr Funktionalität zu erreichen. Für den Teilaspekt der Benutzerschnittstelle wurde dies durch Visualisierungsvorschriften für Datenobjekte (Relationen, Tabellen) vorgeschlagen, indem ein Baum aus der Strukturdefinition (Schema) abgeleitet und als persistentes (Meta-) Datenobjekt in der Datenbank gespeichert wird. Sie werden kurz "Visualisierungen" genannt. Wie gezeigt werden kann, sind sechs Meta-Objekte die notwendige und hinreichende Anzahl und Ausprägung von Schemata und Visualisierungen zur Definition und visuellen Repräsentation beliebiger Anwendungs-Objekte (Schemata und durch sie definierte Tabellen), inklusive ihrer eigenen Schemata und Visualisierungen. Der Einsatz der Selbstreferenzierung mit Meta-Objekten hat zu mehr Sicherheit und Kompaktheit ohne nenneswerte Laufzeiteinbußen geführt.

Design, implementation and application of a generic framework for integrated regional land-use modeling

Land use is a crucial link between human activities and the natural environment and one of the main driving forces of global environmental change. Large parts of the terrestrial land surface are used for agriculture, forestry, settlements and infrastructure. Given the importance of land use, it is essential to understand the multitude of influential factors and resulting land use patterns. An essential methodology to study and quantify such interactions is provided by the adoption of land-use models. By the application of land-use models, it is possible to analyze the complex structure of linkages and feedbacks and to also determine the relevance of driving forces. Modeling land use and land use changes has a long-term tradition. In particular on the regional scale, a variety of models for different regions and research questions has been created. Modeling capabilities grow with steady advances in computer technology, which on the one hand are driven by increasing computing power on the other hand by new methods in software development, e.g. object- and component-oriented architectures. In this thesis, SITE (Simulation of Terrestrial Environments), a novel framework for integrated regional sland-use modeling, will be introduced and discussed. Particular features of SITE are the notably extended capability to integrate models and the strict separation of application and implementation. These features enable efficient development, test and usage of integrated land-use models. On its system side, SITE provides generic data structures (grid, grid cells, attributes etc.) and takes over the responsibility for their administration. By means of a scripting language (Python) that has been extended by language features specific for land-use modeling, these data structures can be utilized and manipulated by modeling applications. The scripting language interpreter is embedded in SITE. The integration of sub models can be achieved via the scripting language or by usage of a generic interface provided by SITE. Furthermore, functionalities important for land-use modeling like model calibration, model tests and analysis support of simulation results have been integrated into the generic framework. During the implementation of SITE, specific emphasis was laid on expandability, maintainability and usability. Along with the modeling framework a land use model for the analysis of the stability of tropical rainforest margins was developed in the context of the collaborative research project STORMA (SFB 552). In a research area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, socio-environmental impacts of land-use changes were examined. SITE was used to simulate land-use dynamics in the historical period of 1981 to 2002. Analogous to that, a scenario that did not consider migration in the population dynamics, was analyzed. For the calculation of crop yields and trace gas emissions, the DAYCENT agro-ecosystem model was integrated. In this case study, it could be shown that land-use changes in the Indonesian research area could mainly be characterized by the expansion of agricultural areas at the expense of natural forest. For this reason, the situation had to be interpreted as unsustainable even though increased agricultural use implied economic improvements and higher farmers' incomes. Due to the importance of model calibration, it was explicitly addressed in the SITE architecture through the introduction of a specific component. The calibration functionality can be used by all SITE applications and enables largely automated model calibration. Calibration in SITE is understood as a process that finds an optimal or at least adequate solution for a set of arbitrarily selectable model parameters with respect to an objective function. In SITE, an objective function typically is a map comparison algorithm capable of comparing a simulation result to a reference map. Several map optimization and map comparison methodologies are available and can be combined. The STORMA land-use model was calibrated using a genetic algorithm for optimization and the figure of merit map comparison measure as objective function. The time period for the calibration ranged from 1981 to 2002. For this period, respective reference land-use maps were compiled. It could be shown, that an efficient automated model calibration with SITE is possible. Nevertheless, the selection of the calibration parameters required detailed knowledge about the underlying land-use model and cannot be automated. In another case study decreases in crop yields and resulting losses in income from coffee cultivation were analyzed and quantified under the assumption of four different deforestation scenarios. For this task, an empirical model, describing the dependence of bee pollination and resulting coffee fruit set from the distance to the closest natural forest, was integrated. Land-use simulations showed, that depending on the magnitude and location of ongoing forest conversion, pollination services are expected to decline continuously. This results in a reduction of coffee yields of up to 18% and a loss of net revenues per hectare of up to 14%. However, the study also showed that ecological and economic values can be preserved if patches of natural vegetation are conservated in the agricultural landscape. -----------------------------------------------------------------------