Quality Governance based on Enterprise Engineering Method and Six Sigma Approach

Enterprise Modeling (EM) is currently in operation either as a technique to represent and understand the structure and behavior of the enterprise, or as a technique to analyze business processes, and in many cases as support technique for business process reengineering. However, EM architectures and methods for Enterprise Engineering can also used to support new management techniques like SIX SIGMA, because these new techniques need a clear, transparent and integrated definition and description of the business activities of the enterprise to be able to build up, optimize and operate an successful enterprise. The main goal of SIX SIGMA is to optimize the performance of processes. A still open question is: "What are the adequate Quality criteria and methods to ensure such performance? What must we do to get Quality governance?" This paper describes a method including an Enterprise Engineering method and SIX SIGMA strategy to reach Quality Governance

Low-Cost Micromechanically Tunable Optical Devices: Strained Resonator Engineering, Technological Implementation and Characterization

The rapid growth of the optical communication branches and the enormous demand for more bandwidth require novel networks such as dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). These networks enable higher bitrate transmission using the existing optical fibers. Micromechanically tunable optical microcavity devices like VCSELs, Fabry-Pérot filters and photodetectors are core components of these novel DWDM systems. Several air-gap based tunable devices were successfully implemented in the last years. Even though these concepts are very promising, two main disadvantages are still remaining. On the one hand, the high fabrication and integration cost and on the other hand the undesired adverse buckling of the suspended membranes. This thesis addresses these two problems and consists of two main parts: • PECVD dielectric material investigation and stress control resulting in membranes shape engineering. • Implementation and characterization of novel tunable optical devices with tailored shapes of the suspended membranes. For this purposes, low-cost PECVD technology is investigated and developed in detail. The macro- and microstress of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide are controlled over a wide range. Furthermore, the effect of stress on the optical and mechanical properties of the suspended membranes and on the microcavities is evaluated. Various membrane shapes (concave, convex and planar) with several radii of curvature are fabricated. Using this resonator shape engineering, microcavity devices such as non tunable and tunable Fabry-Pérot filters, VCSELs and PIN photodetectors are succesfully implemented. The fabricated Fabry-Pérot filters cover a spectral range of over 200nm and show resonance linewidths down to 1.5nm. By varying the stress distribution across the vertical direction within a DBR, the shape and the radius of curvature of the top membrane are explicitely tailored. By adjusting the incoming light beam waist to the curvature, the fundamental resonant mode is supported and the higher order ones are suppressed. For instance, a tunable VCSEL with 26 nm tuning range, 400µW maximal output power, 47nm free spectral range and over 57dB side mode suppresion ratio (SMSR) is demonstrated. Other technologies, such as introducing light emitting organic materials in microcavities are also investigated.

Synthesis and characterisation of novel nitrogen and fluorine containing spirobifluorene derivatives for electronic applications and crystal engineering

Among organic materials, spirobifluorene derivatives represent a very attractive class of materials for electronic devices. These compounds have high melting points, glass transitions temperatures and morphological stability, which makes these materials suitable for organic electronic applications. In addition, some of spirobifluorenes can form porous supramolecular associations with significant volumes available for the inclusion of guests. These molecular associations based on the spirobifluorenes are noteworthy because they are purely molecular analogues of zeolites and other microporous solids, with potential applications in separation, catalysis, sensing and other areas.

Modellbasierte Diagnose am Beispiel der Zylinderdrucksensorik von Ottomotoren

Die Diagnose von Fehlern des Zylinderdrucksensors wird anhand eines Ottomotors mit Saugrohreinspritzung (MPI) vorgestellt. Die physikalischen Zusammenhänge und die Einflussgrößen auf das Drehmoment des Motors werden erläutert. Hierzu werden verschiedene Modellansätze vorgestellt sowie eine Variation der Modelleingangsgrößen durchgeführt. Anhand des Verfahrens der analytischen Redundanz werden Residuen abgeleitet und die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber bestimmten Fehlertypen aufgezeigt. Dadurch ist eine Trennung von Fehlern des Zylinderdrucksensors gegenüber motorischen Toleranzen oder nicht zylinderdrucksensorbasierten Fehlern möglich. Handelt es sich bei dem verwendeten Motorkonzept um einen Ottomotor mit quantitätsbasierter Laststeuerung, d.h. mit gleichbleibender Gemischzusammensetzung (i.d.R. Luft-/Kraftstoffverhältnis =1), so kann bei erkanntem Fehler des Zylinderdrucksensors eine weitere Aufteilung nach verschiedenen Fehlertypen erfolgen (z.B. Hysterese, Verstärkungsfehler). Auf diese Weise können Sensortoleranzen wie der Verstärkungsfehler des Zylinderdrucksensors durch eine Adaption korrigiert werden. Die Diagnosefunktion und die Verstärkungsadaption wurde erfolgreich an einem 2,0l-Ottomotor (MPI) ohne externe Abgasrückführung (AGR) und ohne kontinuierliche Nockenwellenverstellung (KNWE) durchgeführt, wobei die erwähnten Einschränkungen in Bezug auf die Betriebsbereiche zu berücksichtigen sind. Anhand der Modellstreuungen und Modellungenauigkeiten sind die Grenzen der Diagnose und der Adaption aufgezeigt worden. Die auf einem Prototypensteuergerät implementierten Algorithmen sind echtzeitfähig, wenngleich für die Zylinderdruck- und Drehzahlauswertung eine hohe Rechenleistung erforderlich ist.