Die vergessene Dimension

Die in den letzten 20 Jahren zu beobachtende Gesundheitswelle und die steigende Nachfrage nach gesundheitsbezogenen Bildungsangeboten steht eine immer noch in den Anfaengen steckende theoretisch-konzeptionelle Reflexion und Absicherung gegenüber. Im pädagogischen Handlungsfeld ist eine grundsätzliche Auseinandersetzung mit der Gesundheitbildung dringend erforderlich. Dieses Unterfangen wird nicht gerade dadurch erleichtert, dass sich das allgemeine Bewusstsein von Gesundheit und Krankheit in den letzten Jahren stark gewandelt hat. Immer mehr gewinnt die Einsicht an Bedeutung, dass selten eine Einflussgröße allein, sondern mehrere Faktoren und ihr Zusammenwirken zu Erkrankungen führen. Auf diesen Sachverhalt hat bereits 1946 die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) verwiesen, indem sie Gesundheit als Zustand des körperlichen, seelischen und sozialen Wohlbefindens und nicht nur als das Freisein von Krankheit und Gebrechen definiert. Eine Gesundheitsbildung, die dies berücksichtigt, ist vorrangig auf Gesundheit und den Prozess zwischen Gesundheit und Krankheit ausgerichtet. Sie bezieht Gefährdungen mit ein, die aus den sozialen und ökologischen Gegebenheiten erwachsen und verfolgt das Ziel, jedem Menschen seinen eigenen, besonderen Weg zur Gesundheit zu ermöglichen und ihn zur Wahrnehmung seiner Interessen im persönlichen und gesellschaftlichen Umfeld zu befähigen. Angebote, Didaktik und Methoden einer so verstandenen, integrativen Gesundheitsbildung an der VHS sollen deshalb darauf ausgerichtet sein, soziales und partizipatorisches Lernen zu initiieren, Zusammenhänge zu erschließen und die Kompetenz und Autonomie der Teilnehmer/innen zu fördern. Schließlich sollen Chancen und Grenzen einer Professionalisierung innerhalb der Gesundheitsbildung exemplarisch am Beispiel eines Lehrgangs für GesundheitsbildnerInnen verdeutlicht werden. Das Interesse am Thema entstand durch die langjährige Kursleitertätigkeit am Fachbereich Gesundheit und Umwelt des Bildungszentrums in Nürnberg. Auch die Zusammenarbeit mit dem Bayerischen Volkshochschulverband, die in der Gestaltung und Durchführung von Qualifizierungslehrgängen zum Gesundheitsbildner bestand, ermöglichten die Sammlung von vielen Hintergrundinformationen, die wesentlich für die vorliegende Arbeit waren. Für die Ermöglichung der Auseinandersetzung mit der vorliegenden Thematik und den damit verbundenen Erfahrungen möchte ich meinen besonderen Dank Marco Bielser, Fachbereichsleiter am BZ Nürnberg und den Herren Prof. Dr. Dr. Rolf Schwendter und Prof. Dr. Werner Thole für die wohlwollende Unterstützung aussprechen.

The social dimension: a neglected policy item in the Bologna Process

Since its beginning in 1999, the Bologna Process has influenced various aspects of higher education in its member countries, e.g., degree structures, mobility, lifelong learning, social dimension and quality assurance. The social dimension creates the focus of this research. The social dimension entered the Bologna Process agenda in 2001. Despite a decade of reforms, it somehow remained as a vague element and received low scholarly attention. This research addresses to this gap. Firstly, different meanings of the social dimension according to the major European policy actors are analysed. Unfolding the understandings of the actors revealed that the social dimension is mostly understood in terms reflecting the diversity of population on the student body accessing to, progressing in and completing higher education, with a special concern on the underrepresented groups. However, it is not possible to observe a similar commonality concerning the actual policy measures to achieve this goal. Divergence occurs with respect to the addressed underrepresented groups, i.e., all underrepresented groups or people without formal qualifications and mature learners, and the values and institutional interests traditionally promoted by these actors. Secondly, the dissertation discusses the reflection of this social dimension understanding at the national level by looking at cases of Finland, Germany and Turkey. The in-depth analyses show an awareness of the social dimension among most of the national Bologna Process actors and a common understanding of the social dimension goals. However, this understanding has not triggered action in any of the countries. The countries acted on areas which they defined problematic before the Bologna Process. Finally, based on these findings the dissertation discusses the social dimension as a policy item that managed to get into the Bologna Process agenda, but neither grew into an implementable policy, nor drop out of it. To this aim, it makes use of the multiple streams framework and explains the low agenda status social dimension with: i. the lack of a pressing problem definition: the lack of clearly defined indicators and a comprehensive monitoring system, ii. the lack of a viable solution alternative: the proposal of developing national strategies and action plans closed the way to develop generic guidelines for the social dimension to be translated into national policy processes, iii. low political perceptivity: the recent trends opt for increasing efficiency, excellence and exclusiveness discourses rather than ensuring equality and inclusiveness iv. high constraints: the social dimension by definition requires more public funding which is less appreciated and strategic constraints of the actors in allocating their resources v. the type of policy entrepreneur: the social dimension is promoted by an international stakeholder, the European Students’ Union, instead of the ministers responsible for higher education The social dimension remains a policy item in the Bologna Process which is noble enough to agree but not urgent enough to act on.

Influence of pre-plant densities of Meloidogyne incognita on growth and root infestation of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) (Amaranthaceae) – an important dimension towards enhancing crop production

Vegetables represent a main source of micro-nutrients which can improve the health status of malnourished poor in the world. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a popular leafy vegetable in many countries which is rich with several important micro-nutrients. Thus, consuming Spinach helps to overcome micro-nutrient deficiencies. Pests and pathogens act as major yield constraints in food production. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne species, constitute a large group of highly destructive plant pests. Spinach is found to be highly susceptible for these nematode attacks. Though agricultural production has largely benefited from modern technologies and innovations, some important dimensions which can minimize the yield losses have been neglected by most of the growers. Pre-plant or initial nematode density in soil is a crucial biotic factor which is directly responsible for crop losses. Hence, information on preplant nematode densities and the corresponding damage is of vital importance to develop successful control procedures to enhance crop production. In the present study, effect of seven initial densities of M. incognita, i.e., 156, 312, 625, 1250, 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 infective juveniles (IJs)/plant (equivalent to 1000cm3 soil) on the growth and root infestation on potted spinach plants was determined in a screen house. In order to ensure a high accuracy, root infestation was ascertained by the number of galls formed, the percentage galled-length of feeder roots and galled-feeder roots, and egg production, per plant. Fifty days post-inoculation, shoot length and weight, and root length were suppressed at the lowest IJs density. However, the pathogenic effect was pronounced at the highest density at which 43%, 46% and 45% reduction in shoot length and weight, and root length, respectively, was recorded. The highest reduction in root weight (26%) was detected at the second highest density. The Number of galls and percentage galled-length of feeder roots/per plant showed significant progressive increase across the increasing IJs density with the highest mean value of 432.3 and 54%, respectively. The two shoot growth parameters and root length showed significant inverse relationship with the increasing gall formation. Moreover, the shoot and root length were shown to be mutually dependent on each other. Suppression of shoot growth of spinach greatly affects the grower’s economy. Hence, control measures are essentially needed to ensure a better production of spinach via reducing the pre-plant density below the level of 0.156 IJs/cm3.