Der Prothesengott - Subjektivität und Transplantationsmedizin

Im Dezember 1997 veröffentlichte die Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung den als Rechtsgutachten abgefassten Beitrag des Heidelberger Juristen Friedrich-Christian Schoeder (Schroeder 1997). Die Frage, die Autor und Zeitung eher spielerisch als aus konkretem Anlass umtrieb, galt dem rechtlichen Status eines Menschen, dessen Kopf auf den Körper eines anderen Menschen transplantiert wurde. Medizinisch waren und sind solche Eingriffe noch nicht durchführbar, aber immerhin schienen sie für den Autor und die Zeitung eine Aktualität zu besitzen. Auch bei folgenden Auseinandersetzungen, die in den Medien um die Konsequenzen der medizinisch-technischen Entwicklung geführt wurden, geraten Bewusstsein, Subjektivität und Körper zum statischem Abbild des Gegenwärtigen, sie werden nicht als Substrat historischer Prozesse begriffen. Ohne den Begriff der Vergangenheit plaudern sich eine Vielzahl Autoren durch die Zukunft. In dieser muss auch der auf einen fremden Körper übertragene Kopf als Rechtssubjekt verwaltet werden. Aber wie verändert sich der Mensch, durch eine medizinische Maßnahme vervollständigt, die dauerhaft seine Körpergrenze verschiebt? Die Transplantationsmedizin ist bei der Auseinandersetzung um Subjektivität nicht nur dann von besonderem Interesse, wenn ein Kopf auf, sondern auch, wenn ein gespendetes Organ in einen fremden Körper verpflanzt wird. Die Trennung von Fremd und Eigen, Außen und Innen ist eng mit dem Zivilisationsprozess und der Subjektwerdung verbunden. Was körperlich durch medizinische Maßnahmen verschoben wird, die Grenze zwischen Außen und Innen, ist die Bedingung der Möglichkeit von Subjektivität. Der Titel dieser Arbeit, Der Prothesengott, verweist auf die individuellen und zivilisatorischen Leistungen, die vollbracht werden mussten, um mit Fug und Recht „Ich“ sagen zu können. Der Begriff Prothesengott ist der Freudschen Schrift Das Unbehagen in der Kultur entnommen. Freud schreibt dort vom Ideal des Prothesengottes und das erste Kapitel der hier vorgelegten Arbeit ist der Entfaltung dieses Ideals gewidmet. Dieses Begriffspaar hat mehr Bedeutungsnuancen, als Freud an Ort und Stelle entwickelte. Es umfasst die Bedeutung von Mythos und Gott als Prothesen, als Ideale, die den Menschen vervollständigten. Aber auch die Bedeutung von Theorien, Ideen, schlicht Idealen als Prothesen Gottes ist angesprochen, und damit der Versuch, den Verlust Gottes auszugleichen. Und zu guter Letzt benennt es das Ideal eines Gottes durch Prothesen, die Apotheose, wie Freud sie meinte: Als Vergötzung der Prothesen, mit denen der Mensch sich vervollständigt, um sich nach dem Tod Gottes selber ein Versprechen auf Erlösung sein zu können. Mit dieser Entfaltung soll die Zivilisation wie die individuelle Entwicklung als ein Prozess rekonstruiert werden, in dem Subjektivität gleichzeitig hervorgebracht und beschädigt wird. Diese Dialektik von Zivilisation und Barbarisierung findet ihren vorläufigen Höhepunkt im Fortschreiten der technischen Mittel unserer Zeit. Zur empirischen Fassung der historisch vorfindlichen Subjektivität wurden Patienten der Transplantationseinheit der Universität Leipzig gebeten, in den ersten drei Monaten nach der Operation Tagebücher auszufüllen. Diese Tagebücher wurden mit statistischen und hermeneutischen Methoden ausgewertet. Die Transplantationserfahrung offenbart sich in den Tagebüchern zwar als besondere, aber in eine Vielzahl von Techniken der Körpergestaltung eingebettete Maßnahme. Neben einer kritischen Würdigung des methodischen Vorgehens wird im fünften Kapitel die Transplantationserfahrung in den Kontext anderer Forschungsergebnisse zur Gestaltung des Körpers gestellt. Deren kritische Diskussion und die Transplantationserfahrungen bieten einen Ausblick darauf, was Eingedenken der Natur im Subjekt heute bedeuten kann.

Difference and equality: A critical theorist analysis of post-modern philosophy

The following paper is a critical theorist analysis of post-structuralist philosophy. It examines the omission of an economic critique in post-structuralism and describes this omission as the result of a particular flaw in Nietzsche's epistemological work, an error which has persisted all the way down through deconstruction, post-colonialism, and cultural studies. The paper seeks to reintroduce an economic critique of capitalism back into the social critique of post-structuralism, with the promise that the combination of the two will prove stronger than either critical theory or post-structuralism alone. To achieve this it reinterprets Marx' concept of metabolism as a critical economic category that mirrors post-structuralism's concept of differance.

A contextual-logic extension of TOSCANA

The aim of this paper is to indicate how TOSCANA may be extended to allow graphical representations not only of concept lattices but also of concept graphs in the sense of Contextual Logic. The contextual-logic extension of TOSCANA requires the logical scaling of conceptual and relatioal scales for which we propose the Peircean Algebraic Logic as reconstructed by R. W. Burch. As graphical representations we recommend, besides labelled line diagrams of concept lattices and Sowa's diagrams of conceptual graphs, particular information maps for utilizing background knowledge as much as possible. Our considerations are illustrated by a small information system about the domestic flights in Austria.

Identifying the component structure of job satisfaction by principal components analysis among extension officers in North West Province, South Africa

The component structure of a 34-item scale measuring different aspects of job satisfaction was investigated among extension officers in North West Province, South Africa. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 40 extension officers from which data were collected. A structured questionnaire consisting of 34 job satisfaction and 10 personal characteristic items was administered to the extension officers. Items on job satisfaction were measured at interval level and analyzedwith Principal ComponentAnalysis. Most of the respondents (82.5%) weremales, between 40 to 45 years, 85% were married and 87.5% had a diploma as their educational qualification. Furthermore, 54% of the households size between 4 to 6 persons, whereas 75% were Christians. The majority of the extension officers lived in their job area (82.5), while 80% covered at least 3 communities and 3 farmer groups. In terms of number of farmers covered, only 40% of the extension officers covered more than 500 farmers and 45% travelled more than 40 km to reach their farmers. From the job satisfaction items 9 components were extracted to show areas for job satisfaction among extension officers. These were in-service training, research policies, communicating recommended practices, financial support for self and family, quality of technical help, opportunity to advance education, management and control of operations, rewarding system and sanctions. The results have several implications for motivating extension officers for high job performance especially with large number of clients and small number of extension agents.

Effect of management strategies on the performance of ruminant livestock production systems and the safety of plant and animal products in the city of Sikasso, Mali

The regional population growth in West Africa, and especially its urban centers, will bring about new and critical challenges for urban development policy, especially in terms of ensuring food security and providing employment for the growing population. (Peri-) urban livestock and vegetable production systems, which can contribute significantly to these endeavours, are limited by various constraints, amongst them limited access to expensive production factors and their (in)efficient use. To achieve sustainable production systems with low consumer health risks, that can meet the urban increased demand, this doctoral thesis determined nutrient use efficiencies in representative (peri-) urban livestock production systems in three West African cities, and investigated potential health risks for consumers ensuing from there. The field study, which was conducted during July 2007 to December 2009, undertook a comparative analysis of (peri-) urban livestock production strategies across 210 livestock keeping households (HH) in the three West African cities of Kano/Nigeria (84 HH), Bobo Dioulasso/Burkina Faso (63 HH) and Sikasso/Mali (63 HH). These livestock enterprises were belonging to the following three farm types: commercial gardening plus field crops and livestock (cGCL; 88 HH), commercial livestock plus subsistence field cropping (cLsC; 109 HH) and commercial gardening plus semi-commercial livestock (cGscL; 13 HH) which had been classified in a preceding study; they represented the diversity of (peri-) urban livestock production systems in West Africa. In the study on the efficiency of ruminant livestock production, lactating cowsand sheep herd units were differentiated based on whether feed supplements were offered to the animals at the homestead (Go: grazing only; Gsf: mainly grazing plus some supplement feeding). Inflows and outflows of nutrients were quantified in these herds during 18 months, and the effects of seasonal variations in nutrient availability on animals’ productivity and reproductive performance was determined in Sikasso. To assess the safety of animal products and vegetables, contamination sources of irrigated lettuce and milk with microbiological contaminants, and of tomato and cabbage with pesticide residues in (peri-) urban agriculture systems of Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso were characterized at three occasions in 2009. Samples of irrigation water, organic fertilizer and ix lettuce were collected in 6 gardens, and samples of cabbage and tomato in 12 gardens; raw and curdled milk were sampled in 6 dairy herds. Information on health risks for consumers of such foodstuffs was obtained from 11 health centers in Sikasso. In (peri-) urban livestock production systems, sheep and goats dominated (P<0.001) in Kano compared to Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso, while cattle and poultry were more frequent (P<0.001) in Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso than in Kano. Across cities, ruminant feeding relied on grazing and homestead supplementation with fresh grasses, crop residues, cereal brans and cotton seed cake; cereal grains and brans were the major ingredients of poultry feeds. There was little association of gardens and livestock; likewise field cropping and livestock were rarely integrated. No relation existed between the education of the HH head and the adoption of improved management practices (P>0.05), but the proportion of HH heads with a long-term experience in (peri-) urban agriculture was higher in Kano and in Bobo Dioulasso than in Sikasso (P<0.001). Cattle and sheep fetched highest market prices in Kano; unit prices for goats and chicken were highest in Sikasso. Animal inflow, outflow and dairy herd growth rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the Gsf than in the Go cattle herds. Maize bran and cottonseed expeller were the main feeds offered to Gsf cows as dry-season supplement, while Gsf sheep received maize bran, fresh grasses and cowpea pods. The short periodic transhumance of Go dairy cows help them maintaining their live weight, whereas Gsf cows lost weight during the dry season despite supplement feeding at a rate of 1506 g dry matter per cow and day, resulting in low productivity and reproductive performance. The daily live weight gains of calves and lambs, respectively, were low and not significantly different between the Go and the Gsf system. However, the average live weight gains of lambs were significantly higher in the dry season (P<0.05) than in the rainy season because of the high pressure of gastrointestinal parasites and of Trypanosoma sp. In consequence, 47% of the sheep leaving the Go and Gsf herds died due to diseases during the study period. Thermo-tolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli contamination levels of irrigation water significantly exceeded WHO recommendations for the unrestricted irrigation of vegetables consumed raw. Microbial contamination levels of lettuce at the farm gate and the market place in Bobo Dioulasso and at the farm gate in Sikasso were higher than at the market place in Sikasso (P<0.05). Pesticide residues were detected in only one cabbage and one tomato sample and were below the maximum residue limit for consumption. Counts of thermo-tolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli were higher in curdled than in raw milk (P<0.05). From 2006 to x 2009, cases of diarrhea/vomiting and typhoid fever had increased by 11% and 48%, respectively, in Sikasso. For ensuring economically successful and ecologically viable (peri-) urban livestock husbandry and food safety of (peri-) urban foodstuffs of animal and plant origin, the dissemination and adoption of improved feeding practices, livestock healthcare and dung management are key. In addition, measures fostering the safety of animal products and vegetables including the appropriate use of wastewater in (peri-) urban agriculture, restriction to approve vegetable pesticides and the respect of their latency periods, and passing and enforcement of safety laws is required. Finally, the incorporation of environmentally sound (peri-) urban agriculture in urban planning by policy makers, public and private extension agencies and the urban farmers themselves is of utmost importance. To enable an efficient (peri-) urban livestock production in the future, research should concentrate on cost-effective feeding systems that allow meeting the animals’ requirement for production and reproduction. Thereby focus should be laid on the use of crop-residues and leguminous forages. The improvement of the milk production potential through crossbreeding of local cattle breeds with exotic breeds known for their high milk yield might be an accompanying option, but it needs careful supervision to prevent the loss of the local trypanotolerant purebreds.

Development of an ArcGIS extension to model urban climate factors

The possibility to develop automatically running models which can capture some of the most important factors driving the urban climate would be very useful for many planning aspects. With the help of these modulated climate data, the creation of the typically used “Urban Climate Maps” (UCM) will be accelerated and facilitated. This work describes the development of a special ArcGIS software extension, along with two support databases to achieve this functionality. At the present time, lacking comparability between different UCMs and imprecise planning advices going along with the significant technical problems of manually creating conventional maps are central issues. Also inflexibility and static behaviour are reducing the maps’ practicality. From experi-ence, planning processes are formed more productively, namely to implant new planning parameters directly via the existing work surface to map the impact of the data change immediately, if pos-sible. In addition to the direct climate figures, information of other planning areas (like regional characteristics / developments etc.) have to be taken into account to create the UCM as well. Taking all these requirements into consideration, an automated calculation process of urban climate impact parameters will serve to increase the creation of homogenous UCMs efficiently.