Cereal/legume rotation effects on rhizosphere bacterial community structure in West African soils

The increased use of cereal/legume crop rotation has been advocated as a strategy to increase cereal yields of subsistence farmers in West Africa, and is believed to promote changes in the rhizosphere that enhance early plant growth. In this study we investigated the microbial diversity of the rhizoplane from seedlings grown in two soils previously planted to cereal or legume from experimental plots in Gaya, Niger, and Kaboli, Togo. Soils from these legume rotation and continuous cereal plots were placed into containers and sown in a growth chamber with maize (Zea mays L.), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). At 7 and 14 days after sowing, 16S rDNA profiles of the eubacterial and ammoniaoxidizing communities from the rhizoplane and bulk soil were generated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Community profiles were subjected to peak fitting analyses to quantify the DNA band position and intensities, after which these data were compared using correspondence and principal components analysis. The data showed that cropping system had a highly significant effect on community structure (p <0.005), irrespective of plant species or sampling time. Continuous cereal-soil grown plants had highly similar rhizoplane communities across crop species and sites, whereas communities from the rotation soil showed greater variability and clustered with respect to plant species. Analyses of the ammonia-oxidizing communities provided no evidence of any effects of plant species or management history on ammonia oxidizers in soil from Kaboli, but there were large shifts with respect to this group of bacteria in soils from Gaya. The results of these analyses show that crop rotation can cause significant shifts in rhizosphere bacterial communities.

Bacterial ecology of ancient Saharan salt-enrichment ponds at Teguidda-n-Tessoumt

Little is known about the bacterial ecology of evaporative salt-mining sites (salterns) of which Teguidda-n-Tessoumt at the fringe of the West-African Saharan desert in Niger is a spectacular example with its many-centuries-old and very colorful evaporation ponds. During the different enrichment steps of the salt produced as a widely traded feed supplement for cattle, animal manure is added to the crude brine, which is then desiccated and repeatedly crystallized. This study describes the dominant Bacteria and Archaea communites in the brine from the evaporation ponds and the soil from the mine, which were determined by PCR-DGGE of 16S rDNA. Correspondence analysis of the DGGE-community fingerprints revealed a change in community structure of the brine samples during the sequential evaporation steps which was, however, unaffected by the brine's pH and electric conductivity (EC). The Archaea community was dominated by a phylogenetically diverse group of methanogens, while the Bacteria community was dominated by gamma proteobacteria. Microorganisms contained in the purified salt product have the potential to be broadly disseminated and are fed to livestock across the region. In this manner, the salt mines represent an intriguing example of long-term human activity that has contributed to the continual selection, cultivation, and dissemination of cosmopolitan microorganisms.

Characterization of Lipid Droplets and Functional Analysis of Lipid Droplet-Associated Proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum

Lipid droplets (LDs) are the universal storage form of fat as a reservoir of metabolic energy in animals, plants, bacteria and single celled eukaryotes. Dictyostelium LD formation was investigated in response to the addition of different nutrients to the growth medium. LDs were induced by adding exogenous cholesterol, palmitic acid (PA) as well as growth in bacterial suspension, while glucose addition fails to form LDs. Among these nutrients, PA addition is most effective to stimulate LD formation, and depletion of PA from the medium caused LD degradation. The neutral lipids incorporated into the LD-core are composed of triacylglycerol (TAG), steryl esters, and an unknown neutral lipid (UKL) species when the cells were loaded simultaneously with cholesterol and PA. In order to avoid the contamination with other cellular organelles, the LD-purification method was modified. The isolated LD fraction was analysed by mass spectrometry and 100 proteins were identified. Nineteen of these appear to be directly involved in lipid metabolism or function in regulating LD morphology. Together with a previous study, a total of 13 proteins from the LD-proteome were confirmed to localize to LDs after the induction with PA. Among the identified LD-proteins, the localization of Ldp (lipid droplet membrane protein), GPAT3 (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3) and AGPAT3 (1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-acyltransferase 3) were further verified by GFP-tagging at the N-termini or C-termini of the respective proteins. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that PA-treatment stimulated the translocation of the three proteins from the ER to LDs. In order to clarify DGAT (diacylglycerol acyltransferase) function in Dictyostelium, the localization of DGAT1, that is not present in LD-proteome, was also investigated. GFP-tagged DGAT1 localized to the ER both, in the presence and absence of PA, which is different from the previously observed localization of GFP-tagged DGAT2, which almost exclusively binds to LDs. The investigation of the cellular neutral lipid level helps to elucidate the mechanism responsible for LD-formation in Dictyostelium cells. Ldp and two short-chain dehydrogenases, ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) and Ali (ADH-like protein), are not involved in neutral lipid biosynthesis. GPAT, AGPAT and DGAT are three transferases responsible for the three acylation steps of de novo TAG synthesis. Knock-out (KO) of AGPAT3 and DGAT2 did not affect storage-fat formation significantly, whereas cells lacking GPAT3 or DGAT1 decreased TAG and LD accumulation dramatically. Furthermore, DGAT1 is responsible for the accumulation of the unknown lipid UKL. Overexpression of DGAT2 can rescue the reduced TAG content of the DGAT1-KO mutant, but fails to restore UKL content in these cells, indicating that of DGAT1 and DGAT2 have overlapping functions in TAG synthesis, but the role in UKL formation is unique to DGAT1. Both GPAT3 and DGAT1 affect phagocytic activity. Mutation of GPAT3 increases it but a DGAT1-KO decreases phagocytosis. The double knockout of DGAT1 and 2 also impairs the ability to grow on a bacterial lawn, which again can be rescued by overexpression of DGAT2. These and other results are incorporated into a new model, which proposes that up-regulation of phagocytosis serves to replenish precursor molecules of membrane lipid synthesis, whereas phagocytosis is down-regulated when excess fatty acids are used for storage-fat formation.  

Vom Biofilm zur planktonischen Lebensform

Im ersten Teil dieser Dissertation stand die Analyse der Motilitätsentwicklung bei Vertretern der Gattung Methylobacterium im Vordergrund. Diese zu den pink pigmentierten fakultativ methylotrophen Mikroorganismen (PPFMs) gehörenden Prokaryoten sind in der Umwelt weit verbreitet. Besonders häufig besiedeln die Mikroben pflanzliche Oberflächen und können als so genannte Phytosymbionten in einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zu pflanzlichen Organismen stehen. In aquatischer Umgebung können Methylobakterien Flagellen aufweisen. Hierbei handelt es sich um spezielle Fortbewegungsorganellen, die den Mikroben eine aktive Beweglichkeit ermöglichen. Die Ausbildung polarer Einzelflagellen bei Methylobacterium-Zellen in planktonischer Lebensweise konnte unter Anwendung verschiedener mikroskopischer Techniken dokumentiert werden. Quantitative Beweglichkeitsstudien zeigten einen charakteristischen Entwicklungsverlauf, korreliert mit den Wachstumsphasen der Bakterienkulturen und machten deutlich, dass die Motilitätsrate durch Umweltfaktoren, wie z. B. die Nährstoffversorgung, beeinflusst werden kann. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Pflanzen-assoziierten PPFMs in der Lage sind, zwischen einer sessilen und planktonischen Lebensweise zu wechseln und dass sowohl die zelluläre Beweglichkeit als auch die Biofilm-Bildung der Prokaryoten ein reversibles, reaktivierbares Verhalten darstellt. Weiterhin konnte belegt werden, dass die Motilität der epiphytischen Mikroben bezüglich der Besiedelung von Pflanzen, z. B. bei der Ausbreitung auf Keimblatt-Oberflächen von Sonnenblumen (Helianthus annuus), keine zentrale Rolle spielt und eine endophytische Lebensweise unwahrscheinlich ist. Ziel der Arbeit war weiterhin die Charakterisierung und Identifizierung eines aus der Phyllosphäre der Echten Feige (Ficus carica, Standort Griechenland) isolierten Bakterien-Stammes (Mtb. sp. Fc1). Die fakultativ methylotrophe Stoffwechseleigenschaft, sowie die auffällige rötliche Pigmentierung belegen, dass es sich um einen Vertreter der PPFMs handelt. Die Analyse morphologischer, physiologischer und biochemischer Eigenschaften bestätigte in Übereinstimmung mit molekularphylogenetischen Untersuchungen zur Klassifizierung und taxonomischen Einordnung, dass es sich um Pflanzen-assoziierte Mikroben der Gattung Methylobacterium handelt. Analysen der 16S rDNA sowie partieller Sequenzen der für Methylobakterien etablierten Marker-Gene mxaF und gyrB verdeutlichten die phylogenetische Stellung und die evolutionären Beziehungen des Ficus-Isolates. Obwohl enge Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse zu anderen Methylobacterium-Arten ermittelt werden konnten, war eine Identifizierung als valide beschriebene Spezies nicht möglich. Die Resultate legen den Schluss nahe, dass es sich um eine neue, unbeschriebene Spezies der epiphytisch lebenden Methylobakterien handelt.