Wahrnehmungspsychologische Evaluation eines dreidimensionalen Visualisierungssystems

Diese Arbeit beschreibt den Evaluationsprozess einer dreidimensionalen Visualisierungstechnik, die am Institut für periphere Mikroelektronik der Universität Kassel entwickelt wurde. Hinter der dreidimensionalen Darstellung mittels Linsenrasterscheibe verbirgt sich eine neue Dimension der Interaktion mit dem Computer. Im Vergleich zu gewöhnlichen dreidimensionalen Darstellungen, bei denen ein 3D-Objekt auf einer 2D-Fläche abgebildet wird und somit nach wie vor nicht aus der Bildschirmebene heraus kann, können bei der stereoskopen Darstellung die Objekte dreidimensional visualisiert werden. Die Objekte tauchen vor, beziehungsweise hinter der Darstellungsebene auf. Da die Linsenrasterscheibe bisher noch nicht wahrnehmungspsychologisch untersucht wurde und auch allgemein auf dem Gebiet der Evaluation von 3D-Systemen nur wenige Untersuchungen mit quantitativen Ergebnissen verfügbar sind (Vollbracht, 1997), besteht hier ein zentrales Forschungsinteresse. Um eine Evaluation dieses 3D-Systems durchzuführen, wird im Theorieteil der Arbeit zunächst der Begriff der Evaluation definiert. Des Weiteren werden die wahrnehmungspsychologischen Grundlagen der monokularen und binokularen Raumwahrnehmung erörtert. Anschließend werden Techniken zur Erzeugung von Tiefe in Bildern und auf Bildschirmen erläutert und die Unterschiede zwischen der technisch erzeugten und der natürlichen Tiefenwahrnehmung näher beleuchtet. Nach der Vorstellung verschiedener stereoskoper Systeme wird näher auf die autostereoskope Linsenrasterscheibe eingegangen. Zum Abschluss des theoretischen Teils dieser Arbeit wird die Theorie des eingesetzten Befindlichkeitsfragebogens veranschaulicht. Gegenstand des empirischen Teils dieser Arbeit sind zwei zentrale Fragestellungen. Erstens soll untersucht werden, ob durch den höheren Informationsgehalt grundlegende Wahrnehmungsleistungen in bestimmten Bereichen positiv beeinflusst werden können. Zweitens soll untersucht werden, ob sich die höhere visuelle Natürlichkeit und die Neuartigkeit der Bildpräsentation auch auf die subjektive Befindlichkeit der Probanden auswirkt. Die empirische Überprüfung dieser Hypothesen erfolgt mittels dreier Experimente. Bei den ersten beiden Experimenten stehen grundlegende wahrnehmungspsychologische Leistungen im Vordergrund, während in der dritten Untersuchung der Bereich der subjektiven Befindlichkeit gemessen wird. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Des Weiteren werden konkrete Einsatzmöglichkeiten für die Linsenrasterscheibe aufgezeigt und denkbare nachfolgende experimentelle Vorgehensweisen skizziert.

Optimal Sub-Pixel arrangements and coding for ultra-high resolution three-dimensional OLED displays

Information display technology is a rapidly growing research and development field. Using state-of-the-art technology, optical resolution can be increased dramatically by organic light-emitting diode - since the light emitting layer is very thin, under 100nm. The main question is what pixel size is achievable technologically? The next generation of display will considers three-dimensional image display. In 2D , one is considering vertical and horizontal resolutions. In 3D or holographic images, there is another dimension – depth. The major requirement is the high resolution horizontal dimension in order to sustain the third dimension using special lenticular glass or barrier masks, separate views for each eye. The high-resolution 3D display offers hundreds of more different views of objects or landscape. OLEDs have potential to be a key technology for information displays in the future. The display technology presented in this work promises to bring into use bright colour 3D flat panel displays in a unique way. Unlike the conventional TFT matrix, OLED displays have constant brightness and colour, independent from the viewing angle i.e. the observer's position in front of the screen. A sandwich (just 0.1 micron thick) of organic thin films between two conductors makes an OLE Display device. These special materials are named electroluminescent organic semi-conductors (or organic photoconductors (OPC )). When electrical current is applied, a bright light is emitted (electrophosphorescence) from the formed Organic Light-Emitting Diode. Usually for OLED an ITO layer is used as a transparent electrode. Such types of displays were the first for volume manufacture and only a few products are available in the market at present. The key challenges that OLED technology faces in the application areas are: producing high-quality white light achieving low manufacturing costs increasing efficiency and lifetime at high brightness. Looking towards the future, by combining OLED with specially constructed surface lenses and proper image management software it will be possible to achieve 3D images.

Magnetic interactions between transition metal impurities and clusters mediated by low-dimensional metallic hosts: A first principles theoretical investigation

The magnetic properties and interactions between transition metal (TM) impurities and clusters in low-dimensional metallic hosts are studied using a first principles theoretical method. In the first part of this work, the effect of magnetic order in 3d-5d systems is addressed from the perspective of its influence on the enhancement of the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). In the second part, the possibility of using external electric fields (EFs) to control the magnetic properties and interactions between nanoparticles deposited at noble metal surfaces is investigated. The influence of 3d composition and magnetic order on the spin polarization of the substrate and its consequences on the MAE are analyzed for the case of 3d impurities in one- and two-dimensional polarizable hosts. It is shown that the MAE and easy- axis of monoatomic free standing 3d-Pt wires is mainly determined by the atomic spin-orbit (SO) coupling contributions. The competition between ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AF) order in FePtn wires is studied in detail for n=1-4 as a function of the relative position between Fe atoms. Our results show an oscillatory behavior of the magnetic polarization of Pt atoms as a function of their distance from the magnetic impurities, which can be correlated to a long-ranged magnetic coupling of the Fe atoms. Exceptionally large variations of the induced spin and orbital moments at the Pt atoms are found as a function of concentration and magnetic order. Along with a violation of the third Hund’s rule at the Fe sites, these variations result in a non trivial behavior of the MAE. In the case of TM impurities and dimers at the Cu(111), the effects of surface charging and applied EFs on the magnetic properties and substrate-mediated magnetic interactions have been investigated. The modifications of the surface electronic structure, impurity local moments and magnetic exchange coupling as a result of the EF-induced metallic screening and charge rearrangements are analysed. In a first study, the properties of surface substitutional Co and Fe impurities are investigated as a function of the external charge per surface atom q. At large inter-impurity distances the effective magnetic exchange coupling ∆E between impurities shows RKKY-like oscillations as a function of the distance which are not significantly affected by the considered values of q. For distances r < 10 Å, important modifications in the magnitude of ∆E, involving changes from FM to AF coupling, are found depending non-monotonously on the value and polarity of q. The interaction energies are analysed from a local perspective. In a second study, the interplay between external EF effects, internal magnetic order and substrate-mediated magnetic coupling has been investigated for Mn dimers on Cu(111). Our calculations show that EF (∼ 1eV/Å) can induce a switching from AF to FM ground-state magnetic order within single Mn dimers. The relative coupling between a pair of dimers also shows RKKY-like oscillations as a function of the inter-dimer distance. Their effective magnetic exchange interaction is found to depend significantly on the magnetic order within the Mn dimers and on their relative orientation on the surface. The dependence of the substrate-mediated interaction on the magnetic state of the dimers is qualitatively explained in terms of the differences in the scattering of surface electrons. At short inter-dimer distances, the ground-state configuration is determined by an interplay between exchange interactions and EF effects. These results demonstrate that external surface charging and applied EFs offer remarkable possibilities of manipulating the sign and strength of the magnetic coupling of surface supported nanoparticles.

Study of 3d - 4f and 3d - 5f quartet and doublet transitions of doubly excited three-electron ions

We present the first observation of optical transitions between doubly excited doublet states in the term systems N V, 0 VI and F VII. The spectra were produced by foil excitation of fast ion beams. The assignment of the spectral lines was made by comparison with the results of MCDP calculations along the isoelectronic sequence. The same method also led to the identification of two 3d - 4f quartet transitions in Mg X.