Auswirkung der Kreditrisiken auf die Kreditfinanzierungseffektivität

Seit der Schuldenkrise im Jahre 1982, aber auch bei Schuldenkrisen neuern Datums, wie der "Russlandkrise" oder der Schuldenkrise der "Tigerstaaten", bleibt die Frage nach den Ursachen, Konsequenzen und Strategien der Problemlösung für eine Staatsverschuldung ein aktuelles Thema. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit wird durch die Problematisierung der Kreditverwendung in den Schuldnerländern und mit einer Fehlallokation der im Ausland aufgenommenen Kreditmittel einhergehenden Risiken für Kreditnehmer gebildet. Der zweite Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist die Suche nach Lösungsansätzen für spezifische Schuldenprobleme der arabischen Staaten. Auch wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Kreditwürdigkeit und Kreditfinanzierungseffektivität im Verbund betrachtet. Das entwickelte Punkteschema zum Kreditrating arabischer Länder scheint eine ausbaufähige Alternative zu bekannten Rating-Methoden zu sein. Welche Möglichkeiten bestehen, die Effektivität der Kreditfinanzierung durch Risiko-Managementmaßnahmen zu erhöhen, wird auch untersucht.

Berufsanforderungen und flexible Altersgrenze

In 1973 the government of the Federal Republic plans to introduce a flexible retirement age. According to this new law, old age pensions can be paid already to people who are 63 years of age instead of 65 as at present. The government thus hopes to do more justice to the difference in capacity for work of elderly insured people and to the lact that the decline of life of humans depends to a certain extent on the occupational requirements demanded of them. Based on social science and medical research results this essay shows that the flexible retirement age cannot master these problems. The essay mentions in particular general relationships between age and work as well as special relationships between practised work, illness, disability and age. The bibliography includes literature connected with other aspects of the flexible retirement age.

Clay pot irrigation for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) production in the north east semiarid region of Ethiopia

Water shortage is one of the major constraints for production of horticultural crops in arid and semiarid regions. A field experiment was conducted to determine irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiency, growth and yield of tomato under clay pot irrigation at the experimental site of Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center, Lalibela, Ethiopia in 2009/10. The experiment comprised of five treatments including furrow irrigated control and clay pot irrigation with different plant population and fertilization methods, which were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The highest total and marketable fruit yields were obtained from clay pot irrigation combined with application of nitrogen fertilizer with irrigation water irrespective of difference in plant population. The clay pot irrigation had seasonal water use of up to 143.71 mm, which resulted in significantly higher water use efficiency (33.62 kg m^-3) as compared to the furrow irrigation, which had a seasonal water use of 485.50 mm, and a water use efficiency of 6.67 kg m^-3. Application of nitrogen fertilizer with irrigation water in clay pots improved fertilizer use efficiency of tomato by up to 52% than band application with furrow or clay pot irrigation. Thus, clay pot irrigation with 33,333 plants ha^-1 and nitrogen fertilizer application with irrigation water in clay pots was the best method for increasing the yield of tomato while economizing the use of water and nitrogen fertilizer in a semiarid environment.