Das europäische Medienrecht

Die medienrechtliche Diskussion in Deutschland, aber auch in anderen Mitgliedstaaten, hat sich bisher (zu) wenig mit den Maßgaben des europäischen Medienrechts befasst und wurde (zu) häufig von aktuellen Themen auf nationaler Ebene überlagert. Dies wird dem großen Einfluss, den das Gemeinschaftsrecht auf die Ausgestaltung der nationalen Medienordnungen ausübt und künftig in (wohl) zunehmendem Maß ausüben wird, nicht gerecht. In den letzten 25 Jahren hat sich ein eigenständiges "europäisches Medienrecht" herausgebildet, dessen Konturen in diesem Beitrag beschrieben werden. Nach einer kurzen Einführung (I.) werden ausgehend von den Grundrechten des Europäischen Verfassungsvertrags und Grundfreiheiten des EGV (II.) die wichtigsten Regelungsbereiche des europäischen Medienrechts skizziert und deren Entwicklungstendenzen angedeutet (III.). Ein Ausblick schließt den Beitrag ab (IV.).

Fluorescence studies on the 3d-ionization threshold range in krypton

Krypton atoms were excited by photons in the energy range from the threshold for photoionization of the 3d-electrons up to 120 eV. and the fluorescence radiation in the spectral range from 780 to 965 A was observed and analyzed. Cross sections for the population of excited states in KrIII with at least one 4s-hole resulting from an Auger transition as the first decay step and for KrII satellites were determined. The energy dependence of the 3d-ionization cross section in the 3d{_5/2}- and the 3d{_3/2}-threshold range was derived from the experimental data. The cross sections for production of KrII states were found to follow the energy dependence of the 3d-cross sections.

Technical and scale efficiency of cassava production system in Delta State, Nigeria: an application of Two-Stage DEA approach

The present study examines the level of pure technical and scale efficiencies of cassava production system including its sub-processes (that is production and processing stages) of 278 cassava farmers/processors from three regions of Delta State, Nigeria by applying Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. Results reveal that pure technical efficiency (PTE) is significantly lower at the production stage 0.41 vs 0.55 for the processing stage, but scale efficiency (SE) is high at both stages (0.84 and 0.87), implying that productivity can be improved substantially by reallocation of resources and adjusting operation size. The socio-economic determinants exert differential impacts on PTE and SE at each stage. Overall, education, experience and main occupation as farmer significantly improve SE while subsistence pressure reduces it. Extension contact significantly improves SE at the processing stage but reduces PTE and SE overall. Inverse size-PTE and size-SE relationships exist in cassava production system. In other words, large/medium farms are technically and scale inefficient. Gender gap exists in performance. Male farmers are technically efficient at processing stage but scale inefficient overall. Farmers in northern region are technically efficient. Investments in education, extension services and infrastructure are suggested as policy options to improve the cassava sector in Nigeria.