20 resultados para Übergang Sekundarstufe I - Sekundarstufe II

em Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, Universität Kassel, Germany


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Als von der sozioökonomischen Herkunft unabhängige, in bestimmten Beziehungsstrukturen verankerte Ressource kann soziales Kapital nach Coleman gerade in der Institution Schule zur Kompensation familiär bedingter Benachteiligungen von Schülern herangezogen werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wirkt schulisches Sozialkapital vor allem in unterstützenden Lernbedingungen, wie sie etwa durch soziale Einbindung, das Lehrer-Schüler-Verhältnis oder Partizipationsmöglichkeiten innerhalb der jeweiligen Schulstruktur abgebildet werden. So stellt die vorliegende Untersuchung die Rolle des schulischen Sozialkapitals am Übergang in die Sekundarstufe II, hier am Beispiel der gymnasialen Oberstufe, in den Fokus. Ausgehend von der Überlegung, dass gerade mit dem Wechsel in die Einführungsphase für Schüler, zumal vor dem Hintergrund der sich gegenwärtig vollziehenden Veränderungen im Hinblick auf die Gestaltung der Oberstufe, besondere Anforderungen einhergehen, rücken jene Investitionen in schulische Strukturen in den Vordergrund, die Schülern vor allem das Lernen, aber auch die erfolgreiche Bewältigung der Statuspassage an sich erleichtern sollen. Gerade die Dimension der vertrauensbasierten Lehrer-Schüler-Beziehung als unterstützender Lernbedingung im Sinne des schulischen Sozialkapitals soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit genauer theoretisch beleuchtet und mittels einer Hypothesenüberprüfung auf ihre angenommene Wirkung auf die von Schülern erlebte Lernatmosphäre hin untersucht werden. Dies geschieht anhand der Auswertung einer evaluativen Fragebogenerhebung, die an der Jacob-Grimm-Schule Kassel durchgeführt werden konnte. Ob der Feststellung, dass besagter Übergang in die Sekundarstufe II in der deutschen Schul- und Bildungsforschung bislang im Hinblick auf die Schülerperspektive noch nicht hinreichend als eigenständiger Forschungsgegenstand gewürdigt wird, wird anhand ausgewählter offener Items zudem untersucht, wie sich der Übergang in die Sekundarstufe II aus Schülersicht darstellt. So dient der Aufbau der Arbeit in ihrem theoretischen Teil der gezielten Hinführung zur empirischen Untersuchung und leistet hier am Beispiel der Jacob-Grimm-Schule Kassel vor allem auch die Übertragung verschiedener theoretischer Ansätze zum Sozialkapital in den Kontext der gymnasialen Oberstufe.

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Die Aminosäure-Sequenzierung an dem als "28 kDa-Thioredoxin f" beschriebenen Protein aus der Grünalge Scenedesmus obliquus hat gezeigt, dass dieses Protein mit dem als OEE bekannten Protein 1 aus dem Photosystem II identisch ist. Die früher postulierte Möglichkeit einer Fusion eines Thioredoxins mit einem Protein unbekannter Natur oder Insertion eines Thioredoxinfragments mit der typischen -Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-Sequenz in ein solches Protein hat sich nicht bestätigt. Durch Anwendung einer auf das 33 kDa OEE-Protein ausgerichteten Präparationsmethode konnte gezeigt werden, dass das "28 kDa-Trx f" tatsächlich in den Thylakoidmembranen lokalisiert ist. Das Protein kann so innerhalb eines Tages in hoher Reinheit aus den Thylakoidmembranfragmenten eines Algenrohhomogenats isoliert werden; dabei bleibt die Fähigkeit des OEE-Proteins das chloroplastidäre Enzym Fructosebisphosphatase (FbPase) zu stimulieren erhalten. Mit gleichen Methoden wurden die Grünalgen Chlorella vulgaris und Chlamydomonas reinhardtii auf außergewöhnliche Proteine mit Trx-f Aktivität untersucht. Die hitze- und säurestabile Proteinfraktion aus Chlorella vulgaris enthält ein Protein mit vergleichbarer Molmasse von 26 kDa, das ähnlich wie in Scenedesmus eine Stimulation der chloroplastidären Fructosebisphosphatase zeigt. In dem hitze- und säurestabilen Proteinextrakt aus Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wird solche Aktivität nicht beobachtet. Eine Probe des rekombinanten, homogenen OEE-Proteins aus Spinat wurde auf Stimulation der chloroplastidären FbPase und NADPH-abhängigen Malatdehydrogenase (MDH) untersucht. Das Spinat OEE-Protein 1 zeigt mit diesen Enzymen keine Aktivität. Da das OEE-Protein 1 in Scenedesmus starke FbPase-Stimulation zeigt, die anderen Scenedesmus-Thioredoxine mit Molmassen von 12 kDa (Trx I und II) jedoch hohe Aktivität mit der zellulären Ribonucleotidreduktase zeigen, wird postuliert, dass das OEE-Protein die Funktion des Trx-f in vivo ersetzt.

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Die Ausrichtung früherer Jugendforschung auf die Gymnasialjugend soll in der Gegenwart durch ein Konzept chancengleicher Angebote angemessener Entwicklungsaufgaben für alle Jugendlichen in verschiedenen Lernorten überwunden werden. Die theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit den Tendenzen der Verplanung der Jugendbildung gewinnt für Reformen entscheidende Bedeutung. - M. Meads Ansatz einer Theorie dreier Kulturen führt zu einem Verständnis des Wandels der institutionalisierten Jugendbildung. Dieser Wandel ist zugleich ein Abschied von globalen zugunsten pluralistischer und partikularer Bildungskonzepte. Schließlich werden die getrennt organisierten Formen der Jugendbildung auf ihre trennenden und gemeinsamen erzieherischen, helfenden und vorbeugenden Zwecke hin diskutiert.

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The chemical properties of element 111, eka-gold, are predicted through the use of the periodic table, relativistic Hartee-Fock-Slater calculations, and various qualitative theories which have established their usefulness in understanding and correlating properties of molecules. The results indicate that element 111 will be like Au(III) in its chemistry with little or no tendency to show stability in the I or II states. There is a possibility that the 111 - ion, analogous to the auride ion, will be stable.

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Externe Repräsentationen, wie beispielsweise Texte, Bilder und deren Kombinationen, sind zum einen im Alltag und in der Biologie als Wissenschaft, zum anderen ebenfalls im Unterrichtsfach Biologie allgegenwärtig. Die Darbietungsmöglichkeiten für externe Repräsentationen sind dabei äußerst vielfältig, wobei gerade in der heutigen Zeit Informationsquellen aller Art meist nur wenige Klicks entfernt, oder auf andere Weisen nahezu unmittelbar verfügbar sind. Für Lernende im Unterrichtsfach Biologie stellt das Erschließen und Austauschen biologisch relevanter Informationen eine wichtige Aufgabe und Herausforderung dar. Naturwissenschaftlicher Kommunikation wird sowohl im Hessischen Kerncurriculum als auch in den Bildungsstandards für das Fach Biologie eine zentrale Bedeutung beigemessen. Im Zuge dieser qualitativen, empirischen Studie zu externen Repräsentationen soll einerseits herausgefunden werden, welche Charakteristika bzw. Eigenschaften externer Repräsentationen im BU aus der Perspektive der Lernenden als typisch empfunden werden. Andererseits dient diese Arbeit dazu, den Strategieeinsatz der Lernenden in Bezug auf das Erschließen externer Repräsentationen im BU zu erforschen. Anhand von leitfadengestützten Interviews mit Schülerinnen und Schülern der Sekundarstufe II wurde zu diesem Forschungsanliegen Datenmaterial erhoben, das nach anschließender Transkription mit der Methode der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet wird. Im Rahmen der durchgeführten Interviews wurden Beispielrepräsentationen aus Schulbüchern zum Themenfeld der klassischen Genetik eingesetzt, die im Vorfeld theoriegeleitet ausgewählt worden sind.

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Measurements of the Auger decay of beam-foil excited Be II and Be I levels are reported along with a proposed assignment of the experimental spectra. The Li I, Be II and Be III (1s 2s^2) ^2 S \rightarrow (1s^2 2s)^2 S Auger transitions as presented in this letter represents the first observation of such states in positive ions with Z \le 5.

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Summary: Productivity and forage quality of legume-grass swards are important factors for successful arable farming in both organic and conventional farming systems. For these objectives the botanical composition of the swards is of particular importance, especially, the content of legumes due to their ability to fix airborne nitrogen. As it can vary considerably within a field, a non-destructive detection method while doing other tasks would facilitate a more targeted sward management and could predict the nitrogen supply of the soil for the subsequent crop. This study was undertaken to explore the potential of digital image analysis (DIA) for a non destructive prediction of legume dry matter (DM) contribution of legume-grass mixtures. For this purpose an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, comprising a sample size of 64 experimental swards such as pure swards of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) as well as binary mixtures of each legume with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Growth stages ranged from tillering to heading and the proportion of legumes from 0 to 80 %. Based on digital sward images three steps were considered in order to estimate the legume contribution (% of DM): i) The development of a digital image analysis (DIA) procedure in order to estimate legume coverage (% of area). ii) The description of the relationship between legume coverage (% area) and legume contribution (% of DM) derived from digital analysis of legume coverage related to the green area in a digital image. iii) The estimation of the legume DM contribution with the findings of i) and ii). i) In order to evaluate the most suitable approach for the estimation of legume coverage by means of DIA different tools were tested. Morphological operators such as erode and dilate support the differentiation of objects of different shape by shrinking and dilating objects (Soille, 1999). When applied to digital images of legume-grass mixtures thin grass leaves were removed whereas rounder clover leaves were left. After this process legume leaves were identified by threshold segmentation. The segmentation of greyscale images turned out to be not applicable since the segmentation between legumes and bare soil failed. The advanced procedure comprising morphological operators and HSL colour information could determine bare soil areas in young and open swards very accurately. Also legume specific HSL thresholds allowed for precise estimations of legume coverage across a wide range from 11.8 - 72.4 %. Based on this legume specific DIA procedure estimated legume coverage showed good correlations with the measured values across the whole range of sward ages (R2 0.96, SE 4.7 %). A wide range of form parameters (i.e. size, breadth, rectangularity, and circularity of areas) was tested across all sward types, but none did improve prediction accuracy of legume coverage significantly. ii) Using measured reference data of legume coverage and contribution, in a first approach a common relationship based on all three legumes and sward ages of 35, 49 and 63 days was found with R2 0.90. This relationship was improved by a legume-specific approach of only 49- and 63-d old swards (R2 0.94, 0.96 and 0.97 for red clover, white clover, and lucerne, respectively) since differing structural attributes of the legume species influence the relationship between these two parameters. In a second approach biomass was included in the model in order to allow for different structures of swards of different ages. Hence, a model was developed, providing a close look on the relationship between legume coverage in binary legume-ryegrass communities and the legume contribution: At the same level of legume coverage, legume contribution decreased with increased total biomass. This phenomenon may be caused by more non-leguminous biomass covered by legume leaves at high levels of total biomass. Additionally, values of legume contribution and coverage were transformed to the logit-scale in order to avoid problems with heteroscedasticity and negative predictions. The resulting relationships between the measured legume contribution and the calculated legume contribution indicated a high model accuracy for all legume species (R2 0.93, 0.97, 0.98 with SE 4.81, 3.22, 3.07 % of DM for red clover, white clover, and lucerne swards, respectively). The validation of the model by using digital images collected over field grown swards with biomass ranges considering the scope of the model shows, that the model is able to predict legume contribution for most common legume-grass swards (Frame, 1992; Ledgard and Steele, 1992; Loges, 1998). iii) An advanced procedure for the determination of legume DM contribution by DIA is suggested, which comprises the inclusion of morphological operators and HSL colour information in the analysis of images and which applies an advanced function to predict legume DM contribution from legume coverage by considering total sward biomass. Low residuals between measured and calculated values of legume dry matter contribution were found for the separate legume species (R2 0.90, 0.94, 0.93 with SE 5.89, 4.31, 5.52 % of DM for red clover, white clover, and lucerne swards, respectively). The introduced DIA procedure provides a rapid and precise estimation of legume DM contribution for different legume species across a wide range of sward ages. Further research is needed in order to adapt the procedure to field scale, dealing with differing light effects and potentially higher swards. The integration of total biomass into the model for determining legume contribution does not necessarily reduce its applicability in practice as a combined estimation of total biomass and legume coverage by field spectroscopy (Biewer et al. 2009) and DIA, respectively, may allow for an accurate prediction of the legume contribution in legume-grass mixtures.

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Energy production from biomass and the conservation of ecologically valuable grassland habitats are two important issues of agriculture today. The combination of a bioenergy production, which minimises environmental impacts and competition with food production for land with a conversion of semi-natural grasslands through new utilization alternatives for the biomass, led to the development of the IFBB process. Its basic principle is the separation of biomass into a liquid fraction (press fluid, PF) for the production of electric and thermal energy after anaerobic digestion to biogas and a solid fraction (press cake, PC) for the production of thermal energy through combustion. This study was undertaken to explore mass and energy flows as well as quality aspects of energy carriers within the IFBB process and determine their dependency on biomass-related and technical parameters. Two experiments were conducted, in which biomass from semi-natural grassland was conserved as silage and subjected to a hydrothermal conditioning and a subsequent mechanical dehydration with a screw press. Methane yield of the PF and the untreated silage was determined in anaerobic digestion experiments in batch fermenters at 37°C with a fermentation time of 13-15 and 27-35 days for the PF and the silage, respectively. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent ligning (ADL) and elements (K, Mg, Ca, Cl, N, S, P, C, H, N) were determined in the untreated biomass and the PC. Higher heating value (HHV) and ash softening temperature (AST) were calculated based on elemental concentration. Chemical composition of the PF and mass flows of all plant compounds into the PF were calculated. In the first experiment, biomass from five different semi-natural grassland swards (Arrhenaterion I and II, Caricion fuscae, Filipendulion ulmariae, Polygono-Trisetion) was harvested at one late sampling (19 July or 31 August) and ensiled. Each silage was subjected to three different temperature treatments (5°C, 60°C, 80°C) during hydrothermal conditioning. Based on observed methane yields and HHV as energy output parameters as well as literature-based and observed energy input parameters, energy and green house gas (GHG) balances were calculated for IFBB and two reference conversion processes, whole-crop digestion of untreated silage (WCD) and combustion of hay (CH). In the second experiment, biomass from one single semi-natural grassland sward (Arrhenaterion) was harvested at eight consecutive dates (27/04, 02/05, 09/05, 16/05, 24/05, 31/05, 11/06, 21/06) and ensiled. Each silage was subjected to six different treatments (no hydrothermal conditioning and hydrothermal conditioning at 10°C, 30°C, 50°C, 70°C, 90°C). Energy balance was calculated for IFBB and WCD. Multiple regression models were developed to predict mass flows, concentrations of elements in the PC, concentration of organic compounds in the PF and energy conversion efficiency of the IFBB process from temperature of hydrothermal conditioning as well as NDF and DM concentration in the silage. Results showed a relative reduction of ash and all elements detrimental for combustion in the PC compared to the untreated biomass of 20-90%. Reduction was highest for K and Cl and lowest for N. HHV of PC and untreated biomass were in a comparable range (17.8-19.5 MJ kg-1 DM), but AST of PC was higher (1156-1254°C). Methane yields of PF were higher compared to those of WCD when the biomass was harvested late (end of May and later) and in a comparable range when the biomass was harvested early and ranged from 332 to 458 LN kg-1 VS. Regarding energy and GHG balances, IFBB, with a net energy yield of 11.9-14.1 MWh ha-1, a conversion efficiency of 0.43-0.51, and GHG mitigation of 3.6-4.4 t CO2eq ha-1, performed better than WCD, but worse than CH. WCD produces thermal and electric energy with low efficiency, CH produces only thermal energy with a low quality solid fuel with high efficiency, IFBB produces thermal and electric energy with a solid fuel of high quality with medium efficiency. Regression models were able to predict target parameters with high accuracy (R2=0.70-0.99). The influence of increasing temperature of hydrothermal conditioning was an increase of mass flows, a decrease of element concentrations in the PC and a differing effect on energy conversion efficiency. The influence of increasing NDF concentration of the silage was a differing effect on mass flows, a decrease of element concentrations in the PC and an increase of energy conversion efficiency. The influence of increasing DM concentration of the silage was a decrease of mass flows, an increase of element concentrations in the PC and an increase of energy conversion efficiency. Based on the models an optimised IFBB process would be obtained with a medium temperature of hydrothermal conditioning (50°C), high NDF concentrations in the silage and medium DM concentrations of the silage.