Core Labor Rights

The working paper’s main objective is to explore the extent to which non-compliance to international labor rights is caused by global competition. From the perspective of institutional economics, compliance with core labor rights is beneficial for sustainable development. Nonetheless, violations of these rights occur on a massive scale. The violators usually blame competitive pressures. A number of studies have come to the conclusion that non-compliance does not provide for a competitive edge, thereby denying any economic rationale for non-compliance. While we sympathize with this conclusion, we find that these studies suffer from faulty assumptions in the design of their regression analyses. The assumption of perfect markets devoid of power relations is particularly unrealistic. While workers' rights promise long-term benefits, they may incur short-term production cost increases. On the supply side, the production sites with the highest amount of labor rights violations are characterized by a near perfect competitive situation. The demand side, however, is dominated by an oligopoly of brand name companies and large retailers. Facing a large pool of suppliers, these companies enjoy more bargaining power. Developing countries, the hosts to most of these suppliers, are therefore limited in their ability to raise labor standards on their own. This competitive situation, however, is the very reason why labor rights have to be negotiated internationally. Our exploration starts with an outline of the institutionalist argument of the benefits of core labor rights. Second, we briefly examine some cross-country empirical studies on the impact of trade liberalization (as a proxy for competitive pressures). Third, we develop our own argument which differentiates the impact of trade liberalization along the axes of labor- and capital-intensive production as well as low and medium skill production. Finally, we present evidence from a study on the impact of trade liberalization in Indonesia on the garment industry as an example of a low skill, laborintensive industry on the one hand, and the automobile as an example for a medium skill, capital-intensive industry on the other hand. Because the garment industry’s workforce consists mainly of women, we also discuss the gender dimension of trade liberalization.

Professionalisation of management on German universities: the research liaison officers

Occupations of higher education institutions such as public relations offices, research liaison offices etc. are increasing. A study related to research liaison officers was conducted in Germany to identify activity profiles and qualifications. Results show no standardised education or training, but only learning by doing. From the viewpoint of professionalisation theories a reasonable professionalisation can only be achieved through an organisation of the various occupations in the field of med-level university management as a whole. Proposals for professionalisation were made, such as more systematic education and improved integration into the organisation of HEIs. Staff development is needed as well as more jobs.

Möglichkeiten zur Verwaltungsentwicklung auf der Basis einer Prozessgestaltung im IT-Labor, untersucht am Beispiel der Implementierung von E-Government bei der hessischen Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird nach Wegen zur Steigerung der Effektivität von Implementationsprozessen umfassender IT-Anwendungen in großen Kommunalverwaltungen gesucht, da nach vorliegenden Schätzungen allenfalls 10 % der großen IT-Projekte der öffentlichen Verwaltungen zielkonform und erfolgreich umgesetzt werden. Analysen zeigen, dass die in solchen Prozessen auftretenden Interdependenzen von Technologie, Organisation und Mensch oft nicht angemessen berücksichtigt wurden. Die zentrale Fragestellung der vorliegenden Untersuchung lautet daher, ob ein IT-Labor mit einer vorgelagerten ablauforganisatorischen Prozessoptimierung im Sinne eines funktionalen Wirksamkeitstests mit einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung von technologischen, organisatorischen und sozial-humanen Wirkungsfaktoren bei intensiver Einbeziehung von eigenem Personal der Anwendungsorganisation den Implementierungserfolg größerer IT-Vorhaben erhöhen kann. Als methodischer Ansatz wurde eine Fallstudie gewählt (Implementierung von eAkten und SOA). Der Implementierungsverlauf ist methodisch in eine vorgelagerte ablauforganisatorische Prozessoptimierung und in eine nachgelagerte informationstechnologische Umsetzungsphase (sog. IT-Labor) gegliedert. Die Fallstudie legt den Schluss nahe, dass ein IT-Labor mit einer vorgelagerten ablauforganisatorischen Prozessanalyse zum Erfolg der Implementation wesentlich beitragen kann. Zudem zeigte sich, dass eine serviceorientierte Architektur zur prozessorientierten ganzheitlichen technologischen Systemgestaltung die Integration vorhandener IT-Anwendungen fördern kann. Die beschriebene IT-Laborstrategie kann im Ergebnis als ein erprobter Weg zur erfolgreichen Implementierung komplexer IT-Vorhaben empfohlen werden. Aufgrund der Analyse können einige kritische Erfolgsfaktoren für einen späteren Produktivbetrieb identifiziert werden: - Eigene Personalressourcen mit den zugehörigen Lernprozessen sind unverzichtbar, - In diesem Kontext sind auch die zugehörigen organisatorischen und technologischen Voraussetzungen zu schaffen, - Eventuell auftretende Qualifikationsdefizite der Anwender können in Zusammenarbeit mit externen Unternehmen und IT-Dienstleistern im Verbund mit den eigenen Projektmitgliedern zeitnah kompensiert werden. Die angewandte Implementierungs-Methodik ist auf solche Fälle übertragbar, in denen eine Gebietskörperschaft ab der Aufgabenstruktur einer großen kreisfreien Stadt mit heterogenen und dezentralen IT- und Organisationsstrukturen unterschiedliche Fachverfahren in einem komplexen Verwaltungssystem ganzheitlich und prozessorientiert zusammenführen möchte. Grenzen können sich somit aus der Größe einer Gebietskörperschaft, dem konkreten Aufgabenprofil sowie der finanziellen Leistungsfähigkeit ergeben. Eine Transferfähigkeit unter sozialen Gesichtspunkten setzt voraus, dass neben externem Personal qualifiziertes internes Personal mit Fachwissen und Querschnitts-Know-How bereitgestellt wird. Räumlich und zeitlich setzt die Verallgemeinerungsfähigkeit eine analoge politische und administrative Struktur mit einem entsprechenden Entwicklungsstand voraus. Mit den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Untersuchung können Behördenleiter, IT-Verantwortliche und Beratungsunternehmen künftig in vergleichbaren Fällen eine effektivere Implementierungsmethode wählen. In der weiteren verwaltungswissenschaftlichen Forschung auf diesem Gebiet können auf der Basis der vorgenommenen Untersuchung konkrete Erfahrungen zur IT-Implementierung erhoben und bewertet werden, um weitere Effektivitätsreserven zu identifizieren.

Von der Integration ausländischer Studierender zur Hochschule als transkultureller Lernort

Auf die Herausforderungen der Internationalisierung antworten die deutschen Hochschulen mit verstärkten Bemühungen zur Integration ausländischer Studierender. Damit ist der sozialwissenschaftlich nicht unumstrittene Integrationsdiskurs der Ausländerpolitik auf dem Campus angekommen. Gleichzeitig stehen transkulturelle Begriffe immer mehr im Fokus der aktuellen sozial-, kultur- und erziehungswissenschaftlichen Diskurse. Auf der Grundlage von Erfahrungen aus einem PROFIN-Projekt an der Universität Kassel setzt sich der Artikel damit auseinander, welche Potentiale eine Internationalisierung aus der Perspektive dieser Diskurse für eine innovative Entwicklung von Lehre und Forschung im internationalen Kontext bietet.

Re-Framing Trade

Given the substantial and increasing encroachment of trade agreements into almost every aspect of economic and social life, there is a pressing need for research that provides a more coherent framework for understanding the source and effectiveness of organised labour ’s power and capacity to influence international trade policy. Taking the union protests against the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) as a case study, this research uses core concepts derived from social movement theory to analyse the opportunities that existed for unions to influence these trade negotiations and their capacity to identify and take advantage of such opportunities. Importantly, it adds a power analysis designed to reveal the sources of power that unions draw on to take action. The research demonstrates that even where unions faced considerable constraints they were able to re-frame trade issues in a way that built broad support for their position and to utilise opportunities in the trade negotiation process to mobilise resistance against the GATS and further liberalisation of services. The theoretical framework developed for the research provides conceptual tools that can be developed for improving strategic campaign planning and for analytical assessment of past campaigns. The theoretical framework developed for this research has potential for further application as an analytical and strategic planning tool for unions.

Integrationsportfolios im Deutschunterricht im Projekt MitEinAnder - Campus International

Für den Studienerfolg ausländischer Studierender sind zwei Aspekte von zentraler Bedeutung: Die weitere Vertiefung der Deutschkenntnisse und der Aufbau sozialer Netzwerke. An dieser Stelle setzt der Gedanke des Integrati­onsportfolios an. Auf der Grundlage von Erfahrungen aus einem PROFIN-Projekt an der Universität Kassel beschreibt der Artikel zunächst erfolgreich erprobte Aufgaben und setzt sich abschließend kritisch mit den Zielen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Integrationsportfolios im Deutschunterricht auseinander.

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)

The United States of America and the European Union are currently negotiating a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). It is one of the most ambitious free trade and investment initiatives, going much further than eliminating tariffs. TTIP mainly aims at reducing “non-tariff barriers”. While tariffs on goods have been imposed with an eye to foreign competition, most of the non-tariff barriers are the laws and regulations that are the result of social struggles for the protection of consumers and workers. It is therefore certain that TTIP will impact workers. This volume provides a preliminary assessment of the likely consequences for labor by: - providing an overall introduction to the TTIP negotiations; -assessing the reliability of the studies claiming employment gains; - highlighting specific problematic proposals such as the investor-to-state dispute settlement mechanism; - presenting the position of organized labor from both sides of the Atlantic. / Among the contributors are Stefan Beck (Kassel), Lance Compa (Ithaca, New York), Pia Eberhardt (Brussels) and Werner Raza (Vienna).

Visibility and Voice for Union Women

A new collection of Case studies about gender and trade unions in nine countries, ranging from Turkey to India, Brazil to Africa, the Philippines and New Zealand. Researched and written by insider/outsider union activists and officers, the book is the culmination of five years of collaborative research by the Global Labour University Gender and Trade Unions Research Group.

Reforming Cooperative Credit Structure in India for Financial Inclusion

In the drive for financial inclusion in India, cooperative banks assume prime importance as they are much more accessible to the rural poor than commercial banks. While more accessible, cooperative banks' financial health is rather poor and, therefore, might not be able to serve the needy in a sustained manner. A committee led by Prof. Vaidyanathan has outlined a revival package for cooperatives. Besides suggesting an infusion of funds, it called for the adherence to certain stringent norms to ensure the financial viability. The recommendations provided in the committee’s report are under various stages of implementation in India. The book examines the progress of this reform drive in Bihar, a state in Eastern India. It discusses the background for appointing the committee and its recommendations and also presents the findings of a field study conducted in this regard. The findings inform further policy suggestions which are of general interest to the drive for financial inclusion also in other countries.

Opportunities and constraints of peri-urban buffalo and dairy cattle systems in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

In the big cities of Pakistan, peri-urban dairy production plays an important role for household income generation and the supply of milk and meat to the urban population. On the other hand, milk production in general, and peri-urban dairy production in particular, faces numerous problems that have been well known for decades. Peri-urban dairy producers have been especially neglected by politicians as well as non-government-organizations (NGOs). Against this background, a study in Pakistan’s third largest city, Faisalabad (Punjab Province), was carried out with the aims of gathering basic information, determining major constraints and identifying options for improvements of the peri-urban milk production systems. For data collection, 145 peri-urban households (HH) engaged in dairy production were interviewed face to face using a structured and pretested questionnaire with an interpreter. For analyses, HH were classified into three wealth groups according to their own perception. Thus, 38 HH were poor, 95 HH well off and 12 HH rich (26.2%, 65.5% and 8.3%, respectively). The richer the respondents perceived their HH, the more frequently they were actually in possession of high value HH assets like phones, bank accounts, motorbikes, tractors and cars. Although there was no difference between the wealth groups with respect to the number of HH members (about 10, range: 1 to 23), the educational level of the HH heads differed significantly: on average, heads of poor HH had followed education for 3 years, compared to 6 years for well off HH and 8 years for rich HH. About 40% of the poor and well off HH also had off-farm incomes, while the percentage was much higher - two thirds (67%) - for the rich HH. The majority of the HH were landless (62%); the rest (55 HH) possessed agricultural land from 0.1 to 10.1 ha (average 2.8 ha), where they were growing green fodder: maize, sorghum and pearl millet in summer; berseem, sugar cane and wheat were grown in winter. Dairy animals accounted for about 60% of the herds; the number of dairy animals per HH ranged from 2 to 50 buffaloes (Nili-Ravi breed) and from 0 to 20 cows (mostly crossbred, also Sahiwal). About 37% (n=54) of the HH did not keep cattle. About three quarters of the dairy animals were lactating. The majority of the people taking care of the animals were family workers; 17.3% were hired labourers (exclusively male), employed by 11 rich and 32 well off HH; none of the poor HH employed workers, but the percentages were 33.7% for the well off and 91.7% for the rich HH. The total number of workers increased significantly with increasing wealth (poor: 2.0; well off:2.5; rich: 3.4). Overall, 69 female labourers were recorded, making up 16.8% of employed workers and one fourth of the HH’s own labourers. Apparently, their only duty was to clean the animals´ living areas; only one of them was also watering and showering the animals. Poor HH relied more on female workers than the other two groups: 27.1% of the workers of poor HH were women, but only 14.8% and 6.8% of the labour force of well off and rich HH were female. Two thirds (70%) of the HH sold milk to dhodis (middlemen) and one third (35%) to neighbours; three HH (2%) did doorstep delivery and one HH (1%) had its own shop. The 91 HH keeping both species usually sold mixed milk (97%). Clients for mixed and pure buffalo milk were dhodis (78%, respectively 59%) and neighbours (28%, respectively 47%). The highest milk prices per liter (Pakistani Rupees, 100 PKR @ 0.8 Euro) were paid by alternative clients (44 PKR; 4 HH), followed by neighbours (40 PKR, 50 HH); dhodis paid lower prices (36 PKR, 99 HH). Prices for pure buffalo and mixed milk did not differ significantly. However, HH obtaining the maximum price from the respective clients for the respective type of milk got between 20% (mixed milk, alternative clients) and 68% (mixed milk, dhodi) more than HH fetching the minimum price. Some HH (19%) reported 7% higher prices for the current summer than the preceding winter. Amount of milk sold and distance from the HH to the city center did not influence milk prices. Respondents usually named problems that directly affected their income and that were directly and constantly visible to them, such as high costs, little space and fodder shortages. Other constraints that are only influencing their income indirectly, e.g. the relatively low genetic potential of their animals due to neglected breeding as well as the short- and long-term health problems correlated with imbalanced feeding and insufficient health care, were rarely named. The same accounts for problems accompanying improper dung management (storage, disposal, burning instead of recycling) for the environment and human health. Most of the named problems are linked to each other and should be addressed within the context of the entire system. Therefore, further research should focus on systematic investigations and improvement options, taking a holistic and interdisciplinary approach instead of only working in single fields. Concerted efforts of dairy farmers, researchers, NGOs and political decision makers are necessary to create an economic, ecological and social framework that allows dairy production to serve the entire society. For this, different improvement options should be tested in terms of their impact on environment and income of the farmers, as well as feasibility and sustainability in the peri-urban zones of Faisalabad.

Transkulturelle Bildung und Internationalisierung von Hochschulen

Internationalisierungsstrategien und -massnahmen an (deutschen) Hochschulen sind zumeist noch vom traditionellen herderschen Verständnis homogener Kulturen und damit von (kultureller) Abgrenzung, eigener Dominanz sowie den Defiziten der “Anderen“ geprägt. Die vielfältigen kulturellen, sprachlichen und fachlichen Ressourcen können dadurch bisher kaum bis gar nicht für innovative Lern- und Arbeitsprozesse fruchtbar gemacht werden. Transkulturelle Bildung bietet hingegen Chancen für Innovationen gerade zur Internationalisierung der Hochschulen. Der Beitrag formuliert dazu konzeptionelle Eckpunkte Transkultureller Bildung auf dem Weg zur dialogischen Öffnung von Hochschulen.