A reconfiguration dual-frequency slot-loaded microstrip antenna controlled by pin diodes

A novel reconfigurable, single feed, dual frequency, dualpolarized operation of a hexagonal slot-loaded square mwrostrip antenna is presented in this paper. A pin diode incorporated in the slot is used to switch the two operating frequencies considerably, without significantly affecting the radiation characteristics and gain. The proposed antenna provides a size reduction up to 61% and 26% Jor the two resonating frequencies, compared to standard rectangular patches. This design also gives considerable bandwidth up to 3.3% and 4.27%, for the two frequencies with a low operating frequency ratio

Investigations on Reconfigurable Dual Frequency Microstrip Antennas Controlled by PIN Diodes and Varactors

In this work,we investigate novel designs of compact electronically reconfigurable dual frequency microstrip antennas with a single feed,operating mainly in L-band,without using any matching networks and complicated biasing circuitry.These antennas have been designed to operate in very popular frequency range where a great number of wireless communication applications exist.Efforts were carried out to introduce a successful,low cost reconfigurable dual-frequency microstrip antenna design to the wireless and radio frequency design community.

A Compact Electronically Reconfigurable Dual Frequency Microstrip Antenna for L-Band Applications

A novel design of a computer electronically reconfigurable dual frequency dual polarized single feed hexagonal slot loaded microstrip antenna in L-band is introduced in this chapter. pin diodes are used to switch the operating frequencies considerably without much affecting the radiation characteristics and gain. the antenna can work with a frequency ratio varying in the wide range from 1.2 to 1.4. the proposed design has an added advantage of size reduction up to 72.21% and 46.84% for the two resonating frequencies compared to standard rectangular patches. the design also gives considerable bandwidth of up to 2.82% and 2.42 % for the operating frequencies.

Pertormer’s Rights in India

The overall focus of the thesis involves the performer's rights in india -A study with special reference to the audiovisual industry.The performer is the disseminator of works of literary, dramatic artistic and musical authorship .The challenge of studying the audiovisual industry is the low level of data documentation and transparency in transactions compounded by the low awareness of legal issues. The first five chapters of the study trace the evolution of performers’ rights with particular impetus on three diverse jurisdictions both at the judicial and statutory levels as well as from the collective bargaining platform.The study also seeks to pin point the major obstacles that the performers have had to encounter in their quest for equal rights under the umbrella of intellectual property the world over.the status of the performer through the international instruments - the Rome convention, the WPPT and the envisaged Protocol to the audiovisual performance.A grant of rights to the performer either under Copyright or labor law need not improve matters for the performer unless the institutional grievance redressal is firmly put in place.There is a need for clearer delineation between the definitions of audio and audiovisual fixations. Under the Indian law the terms representing these have been sound records and cinematographs respectivel.Performer and the Philosophy of Intellectual Propertyeffectively. But this is not to deny the fact that these institutions, organizations and practices could very well rise to the occasion when the rights regime comes into force.

Design and Development of re configurable compact cross patch antenna for switchable polarization

Antennas are necessary and vital components of communication and radar systems, but sometimes their inability to adjust to new operating scenarios can limit system performance. Reconfigurable antennas can adjust with changing system requirements or environmental conditions and provide additional levels of functionality that may result in wider instantaneous frequency bandwidths, more extensive scan volumes, and radiation patterns with more desirable side lobe distributions. Their agility and diversity created new horizons for different types of applications especially in cognitive radio, Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems, satellites and many other applications. Reconfigurable antennas satisfy the requirements for increased functionality, such as direction finding, beam steering, radar, control and command, within a confined volume. The intelligence associated with the reconfigurable antennas revolved around switching mechanisms utilized. In the present work, we have investigated frequency reconfigurable polarization diversity antennas using two methods: 1. By using low-loss, high-isolation switches such as PIN diode, the antenna can be structurally reconfigured to maintain the elements near their resonant dimensions for different frequency bands and/or polarization. 2. Secondly, the incorporation of variable capacitors or varactors, to overcome many problems faced in using switches and their biasing. The performances of these designs have been studied using standard simulation tools used in industry/academia and they have been experimentally verified. Antenna design guidelines are also deduced by accounting the resonances. One of the major contributions of the thesis lies in the analysis of the designed antennas using FDTD based numerical computation to validate their performance.

Speech Recognition of Malayalam Numbers

Digit speech recognition is important in many applications such as automatic data entry, PIN entry, voice dialing telephone, automated banking system, etc. This paper presents speaker independent speech recognition system for Malayalam digits. The system employs Mel frequency cepstrum coefficient (MFCC) as feature for signal processing and Hidden Markov model (HMM) for recognition. The system is trained with 21 male and female voices in the age group of 20 to 40 years and there was 98.5% word recognition accuracy (94.8% sentence recognition accuracy) on a test set of continuous digit recognition task.

A Comparative study of HMM and SVM in Malayalam Digit Recognition

A primary medium for the human beings to communicate through language is Speech. Automatic Speech Recognition is wide spread today. Recognizing single digits is vital to a number of applications such as voice dialling of telephone numbers, automatic data entry, credit card entry, PIN (personal identification number) entry, entry of access codes for transactions, etc. In this paper we present a comparative study of SVM (Support Vector Machine) and HMM (Hidden Markov Model) to recognize and identify the digits used in Malayalam speech.