Automation of Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Unit and Fabrication of Sprayed CuInS2/In2S3 Solar Cell

Aim of the present work was to automate CSP process, to deposit and characterize CuInS2/In2S3 layers using this system and to fabricate devices using these films.An automated spray system for the deposition of compound semiconductor thin films was designed and developed so as to eliminate the manual labour involved in spraying and facilitate standardization of the method. The system was designed such that parameters like spray rate, movement of spray head, duration of spray, temperature of substrate, pressure of carrier gas and height of the spray head from the substrate could be varied. Using this system, binary, ternary as well as quaternary films could be successfully deposited.The second part of the work deal with deposition and characterization of CuInS2 and In2S3 layers respectively.In the case of CuInS2 absorbers, the effects of different preparation conditions and post deposition treatments on the optoelectronic, morphological and structural properties were investigated. It was observed that preparation conditions and post deposition treatments played crucial role in controlling the properties of the films. The studies in this direction were useful in understanding how the variation in spray parameters tailored the properties of the absorber layer. These results were subsequently made use of in device fabrication process.Effects of copper incorporation in In2S3 films were investigated to find how the diffusion of Cu from CuInS2 to In2S3 will affect the properties at the junction. It was noticed that there was a regular variation in the opto-electronic properties with increase in copper concentration.Devices were fabricated on ITO coated glass using CuInS2 as absorber and In2S3 as buffer layer with silver as the top electrode. Stable devices could be deposited over an area of 0.25 cm2, even though the efficiency obtained was not high. Using manual spray system, we could achieve devices of area 0.01 cm2 only. Thus automation helped in obtaining repeatable results over larger areas than those obtained while using the manual unit. Silver diffusion on the cells before coating the electrodes resulted in better collection of carriers.From this work it was seen CuInS2/In2S3 junction deposited through automated spray process has potential to achieve high efficiencies.

Social Security of Labour in the New Indian Economy

Globalisation has many facets and its impact on labour is one of the most significant aspects.Though its influence is worldwide,it is much more significant in a transforming economy like India.The right of workers to social security is seen recognised under the Constitution of India and other welfare legislations.But,after adoption of the new economic policy of liberalisation and privatisation by the Government of India,the labour is exposed to new set of challenges.They are posed mainly due to economic restructuring affected in employment relationship,coupled with the increase in unprotected informal labour force.This study is an attempt to analyse the new challenges stemming up in employment relation,efficacy of the existing measures for social security of labour in the present economic condition and the suggestions for securing workers'right to social security in the trade regime.

Child labour in India

This thesis entitled “Child labour in india”Children are "supremely important assets" of the nation, India proudly asserts in the National Policy for Children (1974) gracefully acknowledging that they are future citizens on whose shoulders the destiny of our nation rests.Childhood is a time of discovery as the world and all it contains are new to children. It is a time of excitement and anticipation. lt is a time of dreams and fantasies. And it is a time of receiving love and appreciation. Paradoxically, a picture of contrast is a common experience in India as a vast majority of children who are starved of basic needs of nutrition, health and education are made to work at an early age in exploitative conditions. The specter of child labour is a glaring anomaly in a country graciously adorning human right. In an exposition of the problem involving human rights abuse, Chapters from Two to Five of this study have shot into focus the human rights jurisprudence with special reference to the rights of children. Children have a particular identity as children and they also have a universal identity as human beings.The concern for mankind expressed unequivocally and transcending the globe will be real and moving and not mere rhetoric and ritual if and only when it begins with children, as, to quote the words of Nehru, the human being counts much more as a child than as a grown up.The first three of these rights namely right to health, right to nutritive food and right to education are dealt with in Chapter Four. Finally, the positive effects of education have been sketched in that chapter to impress upon its significance in the development of human capitals.legitimization. The theme of legitimacy was rationalised on the ground of poverty as a strategy for achieving eradication of child labour ultimately by enforcing minimum wages, shorter working hours, leave compensation, non-formal education etc., as the employer would soon discover that child labour is not cheap and would be obliged to substitute adult labour. However, humanising the work life is only a promise to the detriment of children as the Act of 1986 enacted as a part of the new strategy is nearingcompletion of a decade of existence but nowhere near the fulfilment of the mission.As similar urge is more necessary and overdue, it has been suggested that a special body be established with all powers for cognisance of human rights abuse of children.It is proposed to conclude this study with a brief summary of the inferences drawn from the foregoing chapters along with a few suggestions emerging out of those inferences

Movement of Input and Output Prices of Rice in Kerala and its Impact on Area, Yield and Outp

Rice is the most extensively cultivated crop in the world, particularly concentrated in Asia and the Far East. Asian countries together make up for as much as 91.80 per cent of the world production of rice in 1986. The main objective of the present study is to analyse the rice economy of Kerala over time and space at the State, district and taluk level. The thesis analyses the trends in area, yield and total production of rice during the three seasons in the state, districts and taluks and studies the trends in input and output prices of rice and coconut in the state, districts and taluks. The researcher estimates the impact of input and output prices on area, yield and total output of rice in the state, districts and selected taluks and examines the conversion of paddy field into coconut garden and rubber plantation.

“Law on Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Substances through Sea

This study pertain to legal control of pollution from transboundary movement of hazardous substances through sea. It is an emerging area in international maritime law. There is growing environmental awareness that oceans are no longer an inexhaustible resource. This has resulted in a complex system of integrated ocean policies and international legal frame work in this regard. Considering the peculiar nature of hazardous substances, the development of law in this regard has been haphazard. The legal framework in this area is not comprehensive and lacks coherence. India is geo-strategically located in the central part of Indian Ocean through which many international sea routes lie. India is also fast emerging as a maritime hub. Indian legal framework in this respect also suffers from serious pitfalls. In this backdrop, this study makes a sincere attempt to identify and analyse the legal intricacies in this area, in order to evolve a better regime for control of pollution pursuant to transboundary movement of hazardous substances through sea

Paper industry in Kerala: An evaluation of labour absorption,capacity utilisation, and environmental pollution

Paper industry is one of the oldest and largest industries in Kerala. Despite the developments in the industry in terms of growth in output , value added and employment generation, many of the units face grave problems. Irrespective of the size of the plant, the problems of the industry are general in nature. The problems are galore in the supply, not the demand side. Amomg the problems, the important ones are: raw material scarcity, energy deficiency and obsolete technology. Further, the industry is subject to many controls by the Government — price control, product control and raw materials control — which result in the dwindling of profits and investments. Equally important are the reservations against the industry for polluting the environment byeffluent disposal on the one hand and affecting ecological balance by depleting the existing forest on the other. Apart from the large, medium and small pulp and paper mills, there are about 30 hand made paper units in Kerala which can be categorised as village and cottage industry. Almost all of these units began at the initiative and support of Khadi and Village Industries Commission. The primary purpose of these units is employment generation, and not profit making. Currently many of these units are in the red and many others are on the verge of closure. Therefore, a separate analysis of the growth performance, and problems and prospects of the hand made paper industry has also been attempted. It is analysed separately because of the very small size of the hand made paper units

Industrial Laws In Transnational Corporations And Their Impact On The Economic Conditions Of Labour: Acase Study Of Pharmaceutical Industry In India

This study proposes to verify the hypothesis relating to labour legislation in the industrial sector.Here there are as many as fifty enacments of the central government alone.These legislations indicating the growth of this branch of law over a period of more than half a centuary cover a wide spectrum of interests of workers both individuals and collective in different areas of employment.However this study relates mainly to a)trade unions act,b)industrial employment c)industrial disputes.

Open Access Movement for Managing Intellectual Informatics

The present work focuses on various facets of open access movement for managing intellectual output that eventually becomes available and accessible in public domain. Thus, purpose of this paper is to document and share the real time experience of managing and sharing of intellectual wealth of academia of Cochin University of Science & Technology by using open source platforms. This paper is trying to explore different intellectual information resources in the current era and also aims to suggest cost effective strategy of implementing new open access tools and technology for effective managing ofintellectual informatics

Detection of Flock Movement in Spatio-Temporal Database using Clustering Techniques - an Experience

In this paper, moving flock patterns are mined from spatio- temporal datasets by incorporating a clustering algorithm. A flock is defined as the set of data that move together for a certain continuous amount of time. Finding out moving flock patterns using clustering algorithms is a potential method to find out frequent patterns of movement in large trajectory datasets. In this approach, SPatial clusteRing algoRithm thrOugh sWarm intelligence (SPARROW) is the clustering algorithm used. The advantage of using SPARROW algorithm is that it can effectively discover clusters of widely varying sizes and shapes from large databases. Variations of the proposed method are addressed and also the experimental results show that the problem of scalability and duplicate pattern formation is addressed. This method also reduces the number of patterns produced