Studies on the Antiulcerogenic and Antihepatotoxic Potential of Chitosan and Glucosamine in Experimental Rats

The present study examined the antiulcer effect of glucosamine on mucosal antioxidant defense system in ibuprofen-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats. The results of the present study indicate that the pre-oral administration of chitosan and glucosamine maintain near to the normal status the activities of the mucosal antioxidant enzymes and the level of GSH (Glutathione), which protect mucosa against oxidative damage by decreasing the lipid peroxidation and strengthening the mucosal barrier, and which are the first line of defense against exogenous ulcerogenic agents. In this study indicate that the oral pre-treatment of chitosan and glucosamine can prevent ibuprofen-induced peptic ulcer in rats.This study can be concluded that co-administration of chitsosan and glucosamine can effectively prevent the isonized and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Comparatively, chitosan was found to have better results than glucosamine in alleviating the hepatic disorders.

Standardization of Optimum Conditions for the Production of Glucosamine Hydrochiloride from Chitin

The study entitled standardization of optimum conditions for the production of glucosamine hydrochloride from chitin. Shellfish processing industries around the world turn out a significant quantity of head and shell as industrial waste. The waste must be removed immediately to prevent the contamination to the processing environment. The technique that are available for their disposal include ocean dumping, incineration or disposal of landfill sites. In this thesis the techniques and methods are used to process glucosamine hydrochloride from crustacean processing waste. Chitin is a nitrogenous polysaccharide, which is white, hard, inelastic, found in outer skeleton of insects, crabs, shrimp and lobsters and in the internal structures of other invertebrates. Glucosamine can be considered as a nutraceutical product by virtue of its properties. It is important for healthy skin, and plays a major role in the healing of surgical incisions and skin wounds. Deproteinisation of shrimp shell had significant effect on quality of chitin. Demineralization is also influences chitin quality. Solvents used for glucosamine hydrochloride affects the final yield and purity.

Studies om the Antiulcerogenic and Antihepatotoxic Potential of Chitosan and Glucosamine in Eeperimental Rats

The present study examined the antiulcer effect of glucosamine on mucosal antioxidant defense system in ibuprofen-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats. The results of the present study indicate that the pre-oral administration of chitosan and glucosamine maintain near to the normal status the activities of the mucosal antioxidant enzymes and the level of GSH (Glutathione), which protect mucosa against oxidative damage by decreasing the lipid peroxidation and strengthening the mucosal barrier, and which are the first line of defense against exogenous ulcerogenic agents. In this study indicate that the oral pre-treatment of chitosan and glucosamine can prevent ibuprofen-induced peptic ulcer in rats.This study can be concluded that co-administration of chitsosan and glucosamine can effectively prevent the isonized and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Comparatively, chitosan was found to have better results than glucosamine in alleviating the hepatic disorders

Fermentation of Prawn Shell Waste and Its Application of its Product as Dietary Ingredient for Penaeus Indicus (H. Milne Edwards)

This work envisages the fermentation of prawn shell waste into a more nutritious product with simpler components for application as a feed ingredient in aquaculture. This product would be a rich source of protein along with chitin, minerals, vitamins and N-acetyl glucosamine. A brief description of the various processing (chemical and bioprocess) methods employed for chitin, chitosan and single sell protein preparations from shell waste. It deals with the isolation of micro flora associated with prawn shell degradation. It describes the methods adopted for fermentation of prawn shell degradation and fermentation of prawn shell waste with the selected highly chitinoclastic strains. The comparison of SSF and SmF for each selected strain in terms of enrichment of protein, lipid and carbohydrate in the fermented product was done. Detailed analysis of product quality is discussed. The feed for mulation and feeding experiment explained in detail. Statistical analysis of various biogrowth parameters was done with Duncan’s multiple range test. Very briefly explains 28 days of feeding experiment. A method for the complete utilization of shell waste explains with the help of experiments.

Biocompatibility Study Of Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite For Medical Applications At Microwave Frequencies

Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) bioceramic and chitosan (poly [( -1-4) D-glucosamine]) biopolymer show good biocompatibility in vivo. They have biological origin and show excellent interactions with microwave. Microwave study of HAp made using different drying techniques and their composites with chitosan in the ISM band is presented. Pastes are made using HAp and chitosan with different ratios of mixing. The dielectric properties of this composites match with that of human fat, collagen tissues. Some of the compositions exhibit dielectric property close to that of natural bone. This makes them more biocompatible and better substitutes for natural bone. Thus composite bioceramics can be considered as phantom model constituents for imaging purposes. Their dielectric properties prove that they are biocompatible.

GABA and 5-HT chitosan nanoparticles enhanced liver cell proliferation and neuronal survival in partially hepatectomised rats: GABAB and 5-HT2A receptors functional

Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems provide wide opportunities for solving problems associated with drug stability or disease states and create great expectations in the area of drug delivery (Bosselmann & Williams, 2012). Nanotechnology, in a simple way, explains the technology that deals with one billionth of a meter scale (Ochekpe, et al., 2009). Fewer side effects, poor bioavailability, absorption at intestine, solubility, specific delivery to site of action with good pharmacological efficiency, slow release, degradation of drug and effective therapeutic outcome, are the major challenges faced by most of the drug delivery systems. To a great extent, biopolymer coated drug delivery systems coupled with nanotechnology alleviate the major drawbacks of the common delivery methods. Chitosan, deacetylated chitin, is a copolymer of β-(1, 4) linked glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N- acetyl glucosamine (acetylated unit) (Radhakumary et al., 2005). Chitosan is biodegradable, non-toxic and bio compatible. Owing to the removal of acetyl moieties that are present in the amine functional groups of chitin, chitosan is readily soluble in aqueous acidic solution. The solubilisation occurs through the protonation of amino groups on the C-2 position of D-glucosamine residues whereby polysaccharide is converted into polycation in acidic media. Chitosan interacts with many active compounds due to the presence of amine group in it. The presence of this active amine group in chitosan was exploited for the interaction with the active molecules in the present study. Nanoparticles of chitosan coupled drugs are utilized for drug delivery in eye, brain, liver, cancer tissues, treatment of spinal cord injury and infections (Sharma et al., 2007; Li, et a., 2009; Paolicelli et al., 2009; Cho et al., 2010). To deliver drugs directly to the intended site of action and to improve pharmacological efficiency by minimizing undesired side effects elsewhere in the body and decrease the long-term use of many drugs, polymeric drug delivery systems can be used (Thatte et al., 2005).

Efficacy of fermented prawn shell waste as a feed ingredient for Indian white prawn, Fenneropenaeus indicus

Prawn shell waste collected from shrimp-processing plants in Cochin, India, was subjected to fermentation using 20 chitinoclastic and proteolytic/non-proteolytic bacterial strains. The products generated were analysed for protein, lipid, total sugars, N-acetyl glucosamine, free amino acids and ash. Shrimp diets were prepared using these 20 fermented products and a control diet using raw prawn shell waste. Feeding experiment was conducted with postlarvae (PL21) of Indian white prawn, Fenneropenaeus indicus for a period of 21 days. Biogrowth parameters such as mean weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were estimated and the animals were challenged with white spot virus orally via diet. Enhanced growth could be observed in prawns fed F134 and F124, incorporated with the fermentation products generated using Bacillus spp., C134 and C124 respectively. The percentage survival of prawns after 7 days of challenge was found to be highest for groups fed diet F111 incorporated with fermentation product generated using Bacillus sp. These products of bacterial fermentation hold promise as growth enhancers and immunostimulants in aquaculture. KEY WORDS: biogrowth parameters, feed