Studies on the Toughening of Epoxy Resins

This thesis aims to develop new toughened systems for epoxy resin via physical and chemical modifications. Initially the synthesis of DGEBA was carried out and the properties compared with that of the commercial sample. Subsequently the modifier resins to be employed were synthesized. The synthesized resin were characterized by spectroscopic method (FTIR and H NMR), epoxide equivalent and gel permeation chromatography. Chemical modification involves the incorporation of thermoset resins such a phenolics, epoxy novolacs, cardanol epoxides and unsaturated polyester into the epoxy resin by reactive belnding. The mechanical and thermal properties of the blends were studied. In the physical modification route, elastomers, maleated elastomers and functional elastomers were dispersed as micro-sized rubber phase into the continuous epoxy phase by a solution blending technique as against the conventional mechanical blending technique. The effect of matrix toughening on the properties of glass reinforced composites and the effect of fillers on the properties of commercial epoxy resin were also investigated. The blends were characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical property measurements. Among the thermoset blends, substantial toughening was observed in the case of epoxy phenolic novolacs especially epoxy para cresol novolac (ECN). In the case of elastomer blending , the toughest blends were obtained in the case of maleic anhydride grafted NBR. Among functional elastomers the best results were obtained with CTBN. Studies on filled and glass reinforced composites employing modified epoxy as matrix revealed an overall improvement in mechanical properties

Synthesis and Characterization of Chlorinated Paraffin Wax-Bound Paraphenylenediamine Antioxidant and ItsApplication in Natural Rubber

ABSTRACT: p-Phenylenediamine was chemically attached to low molecular weight chlorinated paraffin wax. The polymer-bound p-phenylenediamine was characterized by vapor-phase osmometry (VPO), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ('H-NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The efficiency and permanence of the polymer-bound p-phenylenediamine as an antioxidant was compared with a conventional amine-type antioxidant in natural rubber vulcanizates. The vulcanizates showed improved aging resistance in comparison to vulcanizates containing a conventional antioxidant. The presence of liquid polymer-bound p-phenylenediamine also reduces the amount of the plasticizer required for compounding.

Influence of residual cations (Na+, K+ and Mg2+) in the alkylation activity of benzene with 1-octene over rare earth metal ion exchanged FAU–Y zeolite

The effect of residual cations in rare earth metal modified faujasite–Y zeolite has been monitored using magic angle spinning NMR spectral analysis and catalytic activity studies. The second metal ions being used are Na+, K+ and Mg+. From a comparison of the spectra of different samples, it is concluded that potassium and magnesium exchange causes a greater downfield shift in the 29Si NMR peaks. Also, lanthanum exchanged samples show migration behavior from large cages to small cages, which causes the redistribution of second counter cations. It is also observed that Mg2+ causes the most effective migration of lanthanum ions due to its greater charge. The prepared systems were effectively employed for the alkylation of benzene with 1-octene in the vapor phase. From the deactivation studies it is observed that the as-exchanged zeolites possess better stability towards reaction condition over the pure HFAU zeolite.

Studies on some nonlinear optical phenomena-optical phase conjugation and continuous wave second harmonic generation

Nonlinear optics has emerged as a new area of physics , following the development of various types of lasers. A number of advancements , both theoretical and experimental . have been made in the past two decades . by scientists al1 over the world. However , onl y few scientists have attempted to study the experimental aspects of nonlinear optical phenomena i n I ndian laboratories. This thesis is the report of an attempt made in this direction. The thesis contains the details of the several investigations which the author has carried out in the past few years, on optical phase conjugation (OPC) and continuous wave CCVD second harmonic generation CSHG). OPC is a new branch of nonlinear optics, developed only in the past decade. The author has done a few experiments on low power OPC in dye molecules held in solid matrices, by making use of a degenerate four wave mixing CDFWND scheme. These samples have been characterised by studies on their absorption-spectra. fluorescence spectra. triplet lifetimes and saturation intensities. Phase conjugation efficiencies with r espect to the various parameters have been i nvesti gated . DFWM scheme was also employed i n achievi ng phase conjugation of a br oadband laser C Nd: G1ass 3 using a dye solution as the nonlinear medium.