Design and development of an LED based fiber optic evanescent wave sensor for simultaneous detection of chromium and nitrite traces in water

The design and development of a cost-effective, simple, sensitive and portable LED based fiber optic evanescent wave sensor for simultaneously detecting trace amounts of chromium and nitrite in water are presented. In order to obtain the desired performance, the middle portions of two multimode plastic clad silica fibers are unclad and are used as the sensing elements in the two arms of the sensor. Each of the sensor arms is sourced by separate super bright green LEDs, which are modulated in a time-sharing manner and a single photo detector is employed for detecting these light signals. The performance and characteristics of this system clearly establish the usefulness of the technique for detecting very low concentrations of the dissolved contaminants.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Chromium(III) with 2-Hydroxybenzaldiminoglycine

A spectrophotometric method employing 2-hydroxybenzaldiminoglycine (HBIG) is proposed for the determination of chromium(III). The results of the determinations are compared with the standard diphenyl carbazide method. The presently developed method is direct, simple, rapid, selective, sensitive and precise.

Effect of Chromium Doping on the Diffraction Efficiency of Methylene Blue Sensitized PVA/Acrylamide Films

The effect of chromium doping on methylene blue sensitized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Acrylamide was carried out by varying the ratios of Ammonium dichromate and methylene blue. In the case of films without ammonium dichromate, the diffraction efficiency was found to decrease on storage. On chromium doping the storage life was improved. Interestingly, a self-enhancement in efficiency was observed for a particular ratio of methylene blue and ammonium dichromate.

Selective alkylation of aniline to N-methyl aniline using chromium manganese ferrospinels

Various compositions of chromium manganese ferrospinels were tested as catalysts for the vapour phase alkylation of aniline with methanol. The samples were prepared by room temperature co-precipitation technique and characterized by various physico-chemical methods. The acidity–basicity determination revealed that the samples possess greater amount of basic sites than acidic sites. All the ferrite samples proved to be selective and active for N-monoalkylation of aniline leading to N-methyl aniline; Cr0.6Mn0.4Fe2O4, Cr0.8Mn0.2Fe2O4 and CrFe2O4 exhibited cent percent selectivity for N-methyl aniline. Neither C-alkylated products nor any other side products were detected for all catalyst samples. The catalytic activity of the samples studied in this reaction is related to their acid–base properties and also on the cation distribution. Under the optimized reaction conditions all the systems showed constant activity for a long duration.

Sulfated titania mediated regioselective nitration of phenol in solid state

Titania, sulfated titania and chromium loaded sulfated titania were prepared by sol–gel method and characterized using different technique. Phenol is nitrated regioselectively by nitric acid using chromium loaded sulfated titania catalysts. A remarkable ortho selectivity is observed in solid state nitration to yield exclusively ortho-nitrophenol. Compared to the conventional process, phenol nitration over solid acid catalyst is a clean and environment friendly process. Catalytic activity well correlates with the Brönsted acid sites of these catalysts.

Toxic Metal Distribution in the Core Sediment of Cochin Estuarine System (CES)

This article present the result from a study of two sediment cores collected from the environmentally distinct zones of CES. Accumulation status of five toxic metals: Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) were analyzed. Besides texture and CHNS were determined to understand the composition of the sediment. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Anthropogenic Factor (AF) were used to differentiate the typical metal sources. Metal enrichment in the cores revealed heavy load at the northern (NS1 ) region compared with the southern zone (SS1). Elevation of metal content in core NS1 showed the industrial input. Statistical analyses were employed to understand the origin of metals in the sediment samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) distinguishes the two zones with different metal accumulation capacity: highest at NS1 and lowest at SS1. Correlation analysis revealed positive significant relation only in core NS1, adhering to the exposition of the intensified industrial pollution