Fabrication and characterisation of polymer optical fibers for smart sensing and optical amplification

The thesis presented the fabrication and characterisation of polymer optical fibers in their applications as optical amplifier and smart sensors.Optical polymers such as PMMA are found to be a very good host material due to their ability to incorporate very high concentration of optical gain media like fluorescent dyes and rare earth compounds. High power and high gain optical amplification in organic dye-doped polymer optical fibers is possible due to extremely large emission cross sections of oyes. Dye doped (Rhodamine 6G) optical fibers were fabricated by using indigenously developed polymer optical fiber drawing tower. Loss characterization of drawn dye doped fibers was carried out using side illumination technique. The advantage of the above technique is that it is a nondestructive method and can also be used for studying the uniformity in fiber diameter and doping. Sensitivity of the undoped polymer fibers to temperature and microbending were also studied in its application in smart sensors.Optical amplification studies using the dye doped polymer optical fibers were carried out and found that an amplification of l8dB could be achieved using a very short fiber of length lOcm. Studies were carried out in fibers with different dye concentrations and diameter and it was observed that gain stability was achieved at relatively high dye concentrations irrespective of the fiber diameter.Due to their large diameter, large numerical aperture, flexibility and geometrical versatility of polymer optical fibers it has a wide range of applications in the field of optical sensing. Just as in the case of conventional silica based fiber optic sensors, sensing techniques like evanescent wave, grating and other intensity modulation schemes can also be efficiently utilized in the case of POF based sensors. Since polymer optical fibers have very low Young's modulus when compared to glass fibers, it can be utilized for sensing mechanical stress and strain efficiently in comparison with its counterpart. Fiber optic sensors have proved themselves as efficient and reliable devices to sense various parameters like aging, crack formation, weathering in civil structures. A similar type of study was carried out to find the setting characteristics of cement paste used for constructing civil structures. It was found that the measurements made by using fiber optic sensors are far more superior than that carried out by conventional methods. More over,POF based sensors were found to have more sensitivity as well.

Stress Relaxation of Polyester Fiber-Polyurethane Elastomer Composite with Different Interfacial Bonding Agents

The stress relaxation behavior of polyurethane elastomer and short polyester fiber filled elastomer composites with and without bonding agents at different strain levels and strain rates was studied. It was found that these compounds exhibit a multistage relaxation mechanism and that the rate of relaxation and cross-over time depend on the strain level and strain rate. The incorporation of fibers reduced the stage-I relaxation rate and increased the cross-over time of the gum vulcanisate. A higher rate of relaxation (first stage) was shown by the composites with longitudinal fiber orientation and composites with bonding agents.

Cellular and humoral factors involved in defense mechanisms of Fenneropenaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837)

The present investigation revealed three types of circulating haemocytes in the haemolymph of F. indicus: hyalinocytes, small-granule haemocytes, and large-granule haemocytes. Intermediate stages indicate the maturing process of a single cell. The presence of enzymes such as peroxidase, phenoloxidase and acid phosphatase in the haemocytes, and the substantial production of oxygen radicals during phagocytosis show that the haemocytes are capable of mounting a fme cellular defense mechanism. The enzyme activities of the serum and the presence of agglutinins in the serum, which may act as opsonins, agglutinate foreign particles and augment phagocytosis, confirm the presence of a superior humoral immune system in F. indicus.Bacterial infection caused considerable variations in the cellular and humoral factors, such as the number of circulating cells and haemagglutinating activity, especially in the initial hours of infection. The total haemocyte count, haemagglutination titer and phenoloxidase enzyme showed significant reductions on bacterial presence and could be used as indicators of bacterial infection.The number of circulating cells showed drastic fluctuation on exposure to pollutants. Nuvan at low concentrations was able to produce changes in the haemolymph factors and in the tissue organization, which implies that the animal is under stress and is easily prone to infections. Exposure to nuvan resulted in significant variation in all of the cellular and humoral factors, especially, the total haemocyte count, percentage of small granule haemocytes, phagocytic activity and the haemagglutinating activity, which might be good indicators of pesticide pollution. Heavy metal exposure caused significant increase in total haemocyte count and reduction in phenoloxidase enzyme activity Even changes in the physio-chemical parameters, such as salinity caused fluctuations in the defense factors, indicating stress in this euryhaline species. The dietary incorporation of a commercial immunostimulant containing P-l,3 glucan resulted in stimulation of some of the humoral defense factors of F indicus, but was time dependent. The modulations, on exposure to various external factors, in the cellular and humoral factors, especially, total haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, haemagglutinating activity and the phenoloxidase and acid phosphatase enzymes suggest that these parameters could be used as indicators of the health status of F indicus, which assist in better monitoring and effective health management of this important cultured species.

Synthesis of nickel–rubber nanocomposites and evaluation of their dielectric properties

Nanocomposites based on natural rubber and nano-sized nickelwere synthesized by incorporating nickel nanoparticles in a natural rubber matrix for various loadings of the filler. Structural, morphological, magnetic and mechanical properties of the compositeswere evaluated along with a detailed study of dielectric properties. Itwas found that nickel particleswere uniformly distributed in the matrix without agglomeration resulting in a magnetic nanocomposite. The elastic properties showed an improvement with increase in filler content but breaking stress and breaking strain were found to decrease. Dielectric permittivity was found to decrease with increase in frequency, and found to increase with increase in nickel loading. The decrease in permittivity with temperature is attributed to the high volume expansivity of rubber at elevated temperatures. Dielectric loss of blank rubber as well as the composites was found to increase with temperature.