Studies on the Role of Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation in the Interannual Variability of Indian Summer Monsoon

The present study illustrates the biennial oscillation in different ocean-atmosphere parameters associated with interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall.It also accounts the role of different processes like ENSO, IOD, QBO and ISO in the monsoon variability during the TBO years.

Intraseasonal oscillation of total precipitable water over North Indian Ocean and its application in the diagnostic study of coastal rainfall

TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) is reported to be a useful sensor to measure the atmospheric and oceanic parameters even in cloudy conditions. Vertically integrated specific humidity, Total Precipitable Water (TPW) retrieved from the water vapour absorption channel (22GHz.) along with 10m wind speed and rain rate derived from TMI is used to investigate the moisture variation over North Indian Ocean. Intraseasonal Oscillations (ISO) of TPW during the summer monsoon seasons 1998, 1999, and 2000 over North Indian Ocean is explored using wavelet analysis. The dominant waves in TPW during the monsoon periods and the differences in ISO over Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal are investigated. The northward propagation of TPW anomaly and its coherence with the coastal rainfall is also studied. For the diagnostic study of heavy rainfall spells over the west coast, the intrusion of TPW over the North Arabian Sea is seen to be a useful tool.

Inertial oscillation forced by the September 1997 cyclone in the Bay of Bengal

Time-series measurements from a moored data buoy located in the Bay of Bengal captured signals of inertial oscillation forced by the September 1997 cyclone. The progressive vector diagram showed mean northeastward current with well-defined clockwise circulation. Spectral analysis exhibited inertial peak at 0.67 cpd with blue shift and high rotary coefficient of –0.99, which signifies strong circular inertial oscillation. The wind and SST also exhibited spectral peak at inertial band (0.69 cpd) with higher blue shift. The inertial amplitude of 148.8 cm/s corresponding to a wind stress of 0.99 N/m2 and spectral peak near the local inertial frequency (0.653 cpd) indicate that the transfer of momentum was high.

Characteristics of oscillation in surface layer and above over Cochin

The oscillations in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) are important because the transport mechanism from the surface to the upper atmosphere is governed by the ABL characteristics. The study was carried out using wind and temperature data observed at surface, 925 hPa and 850 hPa levels over Cochin and the different frequencies embedded in the boundary layer parameters are identified by employing wavelet technique. Surface boundary layer characteristics over the monsoon region are closely linked to the upper layer monsoon features. In this perception it is important to study the various oscillations in the surface boundary layer and the layer above. It is found that the wind and temperature at different levels show oscillations in Quasi Biweekly Mode (QBM) and Intra Seasonal Oscillation (ISO) bands as observed in a typical monsoon system. Amplitude of the oscillation varies with height. The amplitude of the QBM periodicity is more in the surface levels but in the upper levels the amplitude of the ISO periodicity is more than that of the QBM. From this, it is obvious that the controlling mechanism of QBM band is surface parameters such as surface friction and that for ISO band is associated with the active-break cycles of monsoon system

Local Hadley circulation over the Asian monsoon region associated with the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation

The Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO), a major interannual variation phenomenon in the Indo-Pacific region, is the result of strong ocean-atmosphere coupling over the Asian-Australian monsoon area. Along with other meteorological and oceanographic parameters, the tropical circulation also exhibits interannual oscillations. Even though the TBO is the result of strong air–sea interaction, the circulation cells during TBO years are, as yet, not well understood. In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the interannual variability of the mean meridional circulation and local monsoon circulation over south Asia in connection with the TBO. The stream function computed from the zonal mean meridional wind component of NCEP=NCAR reanalysis data for the years 1950–2003 is used to represent the meanmeridional circulation. Mean meridional mass transport in the topics reverses from a weak monsoon to a strong monsoon in the presence of ENSO, but in normal TBO yearsmean transport remains weak across the Northern Hemisphere. The meridional temperature gradient, which drives the mean meridional circulation, also shows no reversal during the normal TBO cycle. The local Hadley circulation over the monsoon area follows the TBO cycle with anomalous ascent (descent) in strong (weak) monsoon years. During normal TBO years, the Equatorial region and Indian monsoon areas exhibit opposite local Hadley circulation anomalies

Studies on the Vertical Structure of Horizontal Wind Variability in the Surface Boundary Layer Over Sriharikota

The present study on the vertical structure of horizontal wind variability in the surface boundary layer over Sriharikota. Based on clock wind speed and direction measuring meteorological tower facility from seven levels in the 100 m layer. The study on wind variability and elliptical approximation of wind hodographs investigated for this tropical coastal station established that Sriharikota is of meso-scale weather entity. Wind variability ratio increases from lower levels to upper levels. In South West monsoon months the station is of high ratio values and it gets affected with meso-scale weather features like thunderstorms. Average total shears are observed greater values than scalar shears. Scalar shears are high in the lowest shear levels compared to upper levels. Semi diurnal types of oscillation in average total shears are found in south west monsoon months. During cyclonic storm passage it is observed that there can be significant difference in mean wind speed from 10 m to 100 m level, but it is not so for peak wind speeds. The variations in wind variability ratio in different months is clearly depicted its strong link to define meso-scale or synoptic –scale forcing domination for this station. Meso-scale forcing is characterized by diurnal wind variability and synoptic- scale forcing by interdiurnal wind variability.

A Diagnostic and Modeling Study on the Onset of Summer Monsoon over South Asia

This study focuses on the onset of southwest monsoon over Kerala. India Meteorological Department (IMD) has been using a semi-objective method to define monsoon onset. The main objectives of the study are to understand the monsoon onset processes, to simulate monsoon onset in a GCM using as input the atmospheric conditions and Sea Surface Temperature, 10 days earlier to the onset, to develop a method for medium range prediction of the date of onset of southwest monsoon over Kerala and to examine the possibility of objectively defining the date of Monsoon Onset over Kerala (MOK). It gives a broad description of regional monsoon systems and monsoon onsets over Asia and Australia. Asian monsoon includes two separate subsystems, Indain monsoon and East Asian monsoon. It is seen from this study that the duration of the different phases of the onset process are dependent on the period of ISO. Based on the study of the monsoon onset process, modeling studies can be done for better understanding of the ocean-atmosphere interaction especially those associated with the warm pool in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.

AN INVESTIGATION ON AIR-SEA INTERACTION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN DURING CONTRASTING MONSOONS

The study is undertaken with an objective to investigate the linkage between air-sea fluxes in the Indian Ocean and monsoon forcing. Since the monsoon activity is linked to fluxes, the variability of surface marine meteorological fields under the variable monsoon conditions is also studied. The very objective of the present study is to document various sea surface parameters of the Indian Ocean and to examine the anomalies found in them. Hence it is attempted to relate the anomaly to the variability of monsoon over India, highlighting the occasion of contrasting monsoon periods. The analysis of anomalies of surface meteorological fields such as SST, wind speed and direction, sea level pressure and cloud cover for contrasting monsoons are also studied. During good monsoon years, the pressure anomalies are negative indicating a fall in SLP during pre-monsoon and monsoon months. The interaction of the marine atmosphere with tropical Indian Ocean and its influence on ISMR continue to be an area of active research.

Characteristics of Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in Relation to Asian Summer Monsoon

The present work is an attempt to understand the characteristics of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Asian summer monsoon region, more specifically over the Indian subcontinent. Mainly three important parameters are taken such as zonal wind, temperature and ozone over the UT/LS of the Asian summer monsoon region. It made a detailed study of its interannual variability and characteristics of theses parameters during the Indian summer monsoon period. Monthly values of zonal wind and temperature from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis for the period 1960-2002 are used for the present study. Also the daily overpass total ozone data for the 12 Indian stations (from low latitude to high latitudes) from the TOMS Nimbus 7 satellite for the period 1979 to 1992 were also used to understand the total ozone variation over the Indian region. The study reveals that if QBO phases in the stratosphere is easterly or weak westerly then the respective monsoon is found to be DRY or below Normal . On the other hand, if the phase is westerly or weak easterly the respective Indian summer monsoon is noted as a WET year. This connection of stratospheric QBO phases and Indian summer monsoon gives more insight in to the long-term predictions of Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Wavelet analysis and EOF methods are the two advanced statistical techniques used in the present study to explore more information of the zonal wind that from the smaller scale to higher scale variability over the Asian summer monsoon region. The interannual variability of temperature for different stratospheric and tropospheric levels over the Asian summer monsoon region have been studied. An attempt has been made to understand the total ozone characteristics and its interannual variablilty over 12 Indian stations spread from south latitudes to north latitudes. Finally it found that the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere contribute significantly to monsoon variability and climate changes. It is also observed that there exists a link between the stratospheric QBO and Indian summer monsoon

Transient response of wavelength-switchable erbium -doped fiber lasers with linear coupled cavities

The transient characteristics of an erbium-doped fiber (F.DF) laser, which can switch between wavelengths. are investigated. 77te laser has a set of coupled linear cavities. The slow gain dynamics of EDFs and the cross-gain saturation in the coupled cavities give rise to delayed switching responses and relocation oscillations, which are respertively measured to be l ins and 3.5 ms for the worst rase, and which mar be decreased by increasing the pump power. Thus, the switching speed of the laser may be higher than 100 Hz

Young’s modulus of silicon nitride used in scanning force microscope cantilevers

The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of high-quality silicon nitride films with 800 nm thickness, grown on silicon substrates by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, were determined by measuring the dispersion of laser-induced surface acoustic waves. The Young’s modulus was also measured by mechanical tuning of commercially available silicon nitride cantilevers, manufactured from the same material, using the tapping mode of a scanning force microscope. For this experiment, an expression for the oscillation frequencies of two-media beam systems is derived. Both methods yield a Young’s modulus of 280–290 GPa for amorphous silicon nitride, which is substantially higher than previously reported (E5146 GPa). For Poisson’s ratio, a value of n 50.20 was obtained. These values are relevant for the determination of the spring constant of the cantilever and the effective tip–sample stiffness

Studies on the Characteristics of Vertical Circulation and Equatorial Waves using Indian MST Radar

The aim of the present study is to understand the characteristics and properties of different wave modes and the vertical circulation pattern in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over Indian region using data obtained from the Indian Mesosphere-Stratosphere Troposphere (MST) radar, National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Centres of Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysed data and radiosonde observations.Studies on the vertical motion in monsoon Hadley circulation are carried out and the results are discussed . From the analysis of MST radar data, an overall picture of vertical motion of air over Indian region is explained and noted that there exists sinking motion both during winter and summer. Besides, the study shows that there is an anomalous northerly wind in the troposphere over the southern peninsular region during southwest monsoon season.The outcome of the study on intrusion of mid-latitude upper tropospheric trough and associated synoptic-scale vertical velocity over the tropical Indian latitudes are reported and discussed . It shows that there is interaction between north Indian latitudes and tropical easterly region, when there is an eastward movement of Western Disturbance across the country. It explains the strengthening of westerlies and a change of winter westerlies into easterlies in the tropical troposphere and lower stratosphere. The divergence field computed over the MST radar station shows intensification in the downward motion in association with the synoptic systems of the northwest Indian region.

Field Equilibrium Finite Elements for Structural Analysis

Many finite elements used in structural analysis possess deficiencies like shear locking, incompressibility locking, poor stress predictions within the element domain, violent stress oscillation, poor convergence etc. An approach that can probably overcome many of these problems would be to consider elements in which the assumed displacement functions satisfy the equations of stress field equilibrium. In this method, the finite element will not only have nodal equilibrium of forces, but also have inner stress field equilibrium. The displacement interpolation functions inside each individual element are truncated polynomial solutions of differential equations. Such elements are likely to give better solutions than the existing elements.In this thesis, a new family of finite elements in which the assumed displacement function satisfies the differential equations of stress field equilibrium is proposed. A general procedure for constructing the displacement functions and use of these functions in the generation of elemental stiffness matrices has been developed. The approach to develop field equilibrium elements is quite general and various elements to analyse different types of structures can be formulated from corresponding stress field equilibrium equations. Using this procedure, a nine node quadrilateral element SFCNQ for plane stress analysis, a sixteen node solid element SFCSS for three dimensional stress analysis and a four node quadrilateral element SFCFP for plate bending problems have been formulated.For implementing these elements, computer programs based on modular concepts have been developed. Numerical investigations on the performance of these elements have been carried out through standard test problems for validation purpose. Comparisons involving theoretical closed form solutions as well as results obtained with existing finite elements have also been made. It is found that the new elements perform well in all the situations considered. Solutions in all the cases converge correctly to the exact values. In many cases, convergence is faster when compared with other existing finite elements. The behaviour of field consistent elements would definitely generate a great deal of interest amongst the users of the finite elements.

Studies on ocean surface layer responses to atmospheric forcing in the North Indian Ocean

The present study on upper ocean responses to atmospheric forcing (associated with cyclone passage) in North Indian Ocean revealed significant variability between AS and BoB. The analysis of cyclone frequency during 1947 to 2006 exhibited lesser frequency of cyclones in AS than that of BoB. The analysis also revealed significant reduction in cyclone frequency after the year 1976 with substantial reduction during monsoon season. The long term SST data at selected points in AS and BoB could not reveal any relation with reduction in cyclone frequency. However the SLP at same locations exhibited considerable increase during mid 1970’s, which could have contributed to the observed reduction in cyclone frequency after the year 1976.The response in waves during cyclone passage exhibited significant asymmetry on either side of the track in AS and BoB and the response is observed at 100’s of kilometers away from the track. The significant clockwise rotation in wave direction is observed on the right side of the track starting from near the track to far away locations, which existed for a longer duration. However, the anticlockwise rotation in wave direction is observed over a shorter distance on the left side of the track and dissipated immediately.Inertial oscillation is observed in surface current and in the mixed layer temperature associated with cyclone passage, which revealed the role of relative location(s) on either side of the track. The inertial peak closer to the local inertial period indicates maximum transfer of energy during the cyclone passage in both AS and BoB. The absence of strong inertial oscillation even with clockwise rotation in surface current and wind indicates the dominant role of duration of strong wind in generating inertial oscillation.The oceanic response associated with cyclone passage reveal the variable response(s) which depends on cyclone intensity, the proximity to track and cyclone translation speed. It is observed that resonance with wind generates higher response in surface current, wave and SST on the right side of the track and it lasts for a longer duration. The maximum oceanic response is observed at a few kilometers away on right side of the track. However lesser rightward bias in the location of maximum cooling is observed for cyclones with low cyclone translation speed. The response on the left side of the track is less and is limited over a shorter distance and dissipates immediately. It is observed that the ocean response, in general, increases with intensity of cyclones. However the differential cooling produced by the same intensity cyclones in AS and in BoB indicates the dominant role of low cyclone translation speed in oceanic response.The surface cooling exhibited strikingly differential responses between AS and BoB. The TMI-SST and buoy observations exhibited significant cooling for a longer duration in AS compared to that of BoB. The spatial extent of cooling is also much higher in AS than that of BoB. The wide spread cooling associated with cyclone passage in AS indicates the dominant role of thermal structure in oceanic response in AS than that of BoB.