Doctrine of Estoppel

The object of every law is to render justice. But sometimes the strict implementation of low may result in injustice. Under such circumstances equity will step in to prevent the injustice. Estoppel is one such concept evolved by equity for rendering justice even deviating from strict legal principles. This study is an analysis of the essence of the principle of estoppel, its scope, circumstances and application. The related principles known as estoppel by record, estoppel by deed, estoppel by representation, promissory estoppel, estoppel against public authority is also considered. Estoppel, originated from the sense of justice, equity and good consciousness has since developed through various judicial pronouncements. Further section 115 of the Evidence Act has statutorily recognized and laid down the principles of estoppel. But Section 115 of the Evidence Act or any other statute does not cover the modern development of estoppel in the form of promissory estoppel.

Anisotropy in elastic properties of lithium sodium sulphate hexahydrate single crystal—An ultrasonic study

The double sulfate family (ABSO4), where A and B are alkali metal cations, is the object of great interest owing to the complexity and richness of its sequence of phase transition induced by temperature variation. A new sulfate salt characterized by the presence of water molecule in the unit cell with the chemical formula, Li2Na3(SO4)2⋅6H2O (LSSW), was obtained. The ultrasonic velocity measurement was done with pulse echo overlap technique [PEO]. All the six second order elastic stiffness constants, C11 = C22, C33, C44 = C55, C12, C14 and C13 = C23 are reported for the first time. The anisotropy in the elastic properties of the crystal are well explained by the pictorial representation of the polar plots of phase velocity, slowness, Young’s modulus and linear compressibility in a–b and a–c planes.

Invariant density for a class of initial distributions under quadratic mapping

For the discrete-time quadratic map xt+1=4xt(1-xt) the evolution equation for a class of non-uniform initial densities is obtained. It is shown that in the t to infinity limit all of them approach the invariant density for the map.

Invariant Characterization of Neural Systems

It is shown that the invariant integral, viz., the Kolmogorov second entropy, is eminently suited to characterize EEG quantitatively. The estimation obtained for a "clinically normal" brain is compared with a previous result obtained from the EEG of a person under epileptic seizure.

Buried-object detection using free-space time-domain near-field measurements

The detection of buried objects using time-domain freespace measurements was carried out in the near field. The location of a hidden object was determined from an analysis of the reflected signal. This method can be extended to detect any number of objects. Measurements were carried out in the X- and Ku-bands using ordinary rectangular pyramidal horn antennas of gain 15 dB. The same antenna was used as the transmitter and recei er. The experimental results were compared with simulated results by applying the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method, and agree well with each other. The dispersi e nature of the dielectric medium was considered for the simulation.

Squeezed Coherent State Representation of Scalar Field and Particle Production in the Early Universe

The present work is an attempt to explain particle production in the early univese. We argue that nonzero values of the stress-energy tensor evaluated in squeezed vacuum state can be due to particle production and this supports the concept of particle production from zero-point quantum fluctuations. In the present calculation we use the squeezed coherent state introduced by Fan and Xiao [7]. The vacuum expectation values of stressenergy tensor defined prior to any dynamics in the background gravitational field give all information about particle production. Squeezing of the vacuum is achieved by means of the background gravitational field, which plays the role of a parametric amplifier [8]. The present calculation shows that the vacuum expectation value of the energy density and pressure contain terms in addition to the classical zero-point energy terms. The calculation of the particle production probability shows that the probability increases as the squeezing parameter increases, reaches a maximum value, and then decreases.

Squeezed Coherent State Representation of Scalar Field and Particle Production in the Early Universe

The present work is an attempt to explain particle production in the early univese. We argue that nonzero values of the stress-energy tensor evaluated in squeezed vacuum state can be due to particle production and this supports the concept of particle production from zero-point quantum fluctuations. In the present calculation we use the squeezed coherent state introduced by Fan and Xiao [7]. The vacuum expectation values of stressenergy tensor defined prior to any dynamics in the background gravitational field give all information about particle production. Squeezing of the vacuum is achieved by means of the background gravitational field, which plays the role of a parametric amplifier [8]. The present calculation shows that the vacuum expectation value of the energy density and pressure contain terms in addition to the classical zero-point energy terms. The calculation of the particle production probability shows that the probability increases as the squeezing parameter increases, reaches a maximum value, and then decreases.

DNA Sequence Representation methods

DNA sequence representation methods are used to denote a gene structure effectively and help in similarities/dissimilarities analysis of coding sequences. Many different kinds of representations have been proposed in the literature. They can be broadly classified into Numerical, Graphical, Geometrical and Hybrid representation methods. DNA structure and function analysis are made easy with graphical and geometrical representation methods since it gives visual representation of a DNA structure. In numerical method, numerical values are assigned to a sequence and digital signal processing methods are used to analyze the sequence. Hybrid approaches are also reported in the literature to analyze DNA sequences. This paper reviews the latest developments in DNA Sequence representation methods. We also present a taxonomy of various methods. A comparison of these methods where ever possible is also done

Form-invariant bivariate weighted models

In this paper the class of continuous bivariate distributions that has form-invariant weighted distribution with weight function w(x1, x2) ¼ xa1 1 xa2 2 is identified. It is shown that the class includes some well known bivariate models. Bayesian inference on the parameters of the class is considered and it is shown that there exist natural conjugate priors for the parameters

State-of-the-Art: Transformation Invariant Descriptors

As the popularity of digital videos increases, a large number illegal videos are being generated and getting published. Video copies are generated by performing various sorts of transformations on the original video data. For effectively identifying such illegal videos, the image features that are invariant to various transformations must be extracted for performing similarity matching. An image feature can be its local feature or global feature. Among them, local features are powerful and have been applied in a wide variety of computer vision aplications .This paper focuses on various recently proposed local detectors and descriptors that are invariant to a number of image transformations.

Video Object Tracking And Analysis For Computer Assisted Surgery

Pedicle screw insertion technique has made revolution in the surgical treatment of spinal fractures and spinal disorders. Although X- ray fluoroscopy based navigation is popular, there is risk of prolonged exposure to X- ray radiation. Systems that have lower radiation risk are generally quite expensive. The position and orientation of the drill is clinically very important in pedicle screw fixation. In this paper, the position and orientation of the marker on the drill is determined using pattern recognition based methods, using geometric features, obtained from the input video sequence taken from CCD camera. A search is then performed on the video frames after preprocessing, to obtain the exact position and orientation of the drill. An animated graphics, showing the instantaneous position and orientation of the drill is then overlaid on the processed video for real time drill control and navigation