Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Nitrile Rubber/Reclaimed Rubber Blend

Blends of nitrile rubber and reclaimed rubber containing different levels of a coupling agent, Si 69 (bis(3- triethoxysilyl propyl)(tetrasulphide) were prepared and the cure characteristic's and mechanical properties were studied. Optimum loading of Si-69 was found to be a function of blend ratio. 3 phi- of Si 69 in a 70:30. Blend was found to be the optimum combination with respect to the mechanical properties. The rate and state of cure were also affected bv the conp/ing agent. Tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance were improved in the presence of coupling agent. While the state of cure improved, the cure rate and scorch time decreased with increasing silane content. Ageing studies showed that the blends containing the coupling agent were inferior to the unmodified blends.

Novel1, 3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Acyclic Carbonyl Ylides and Related Chemistry

The thesis entitled novel 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of acyclic carbonyl ylides and related chemistry embodies the results of the investigations carried out to explore the reactivity of acyclic carbonyl ylides,generated by the reaction of dicarbomethoxy carbine and aldehydes towards dipolarophiles such as activated styrenes,1,2-and 1,4-quinones. In conclusion ,we have explored the reactivity pattern of acyclic carbonyl ylides derived from dicarbomethoxycarbene and aldehyde towards activated styrenes with a view to develop a stereoselective synthesis of highly substituted tetrahydrofuran derivatives. It was also found that the ylide could be trapped by various 1,2-and 1,4-diones to form dioxolane derivatives. It is noteworthy that the cycloaddition is highly region- and stereoselective. With isatins the ylide preferentially adds to the more electrone deficient carbonyl group making it regiospecific. Hetrocyclic compounds are of pivotal importance in organic chemistry, and enormous efforts have been devoted to develop new methodologies for their synthesis. It is noteworthy in this context that, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction,otherwise called Huisgen reaction, constitutes one of the most efficient methods for the synthesis of five membered heterocycles. Among the various dipoles, carbonyl ylides have received substiancial attention in recent years largely due to their utility in the synthesis of a wide range of oxygen hetrocycles, which are often found as structural subunits of many bioactive natural products.

Investigations on The Finite Size Effects of Some Inverse Spinels and Studies on Their Composites Based on Nitrile Rubber

Magnetism and magnetic materials have been an ever-attractive subject area for engineers and scientists alike because of its versatility in finding applications in useful devices. They find applications in a host of devices ranging from rudimentary devices like loud speakers to sophisticated gadgets like waveguides and Magnetic Random Access Memories (MRAM).The one and only material in the realm of magnetism that has been at the centre stage of applications is ferrites and in that spinel ferrites received the lions share as far as practical applications are concerned.It has been the endeavour of scientists and engineers to remove obsolescence and improve upon the existing so as to save energy and integrate in to various other systems. This has been the hallmark of material scientists and this has led to new materials and new technologies.In the field of ferrites too there has been considerable interest to devise new materials based on iron oxides and other compounds. This means synthesising ultra fine particles and tuning its properties to device new materials. There are various preparation techniques ranging from top- down to bottom-up approaches. This includes synthesising at molecular level, self assembling,gas based condensation. Iow temperature eo-precipitation, solgel process and high energy ball milling. Among these methods sol-gel process allows good control of the properties of ceramic materials. The advantage of this method includes processing at low temperature. mixing at the molecular level and fabrication of novel materials for various devices.Composites are materials. which combine the good qualities of one or more components. They can be prepared in situ or by mechanical means by the incorporation of fine particles in appropriate matrixes. The size of the magnetic powders as well as the nature of matrix affect the processability and other physical properties of the final product. These plastic/rubber magnets can in turn be useful for various applications in different devices. In applications involving ferrites at high frequencies, it is essential that the material possesses an appropriate dielectric permittivity and suitable magnetic permeability. This can be achieved by synthesizing rubber ferrite composites (RFC's). RFCs are very useful materials for microwave absorptions. Hence the synthesis of ferrites in the nanoregirne.investigations on their size effects on the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties and the incorporation of these ferrites into polymer matrixes assume significance.In the present study, nano particles of NiFe204, Li(!5Fe2S04 and Col-e-O, are prepared by sol gel method. By appropriate heat treatments, particles of different grain sizes are obtained. The structural, magnetic and electrical measurements are evaluated as a function of grain size and temperature. NiFel04 prepared in the ultrafine regime are then incorporated in nitrile rubber matrix. The incorporation was carried out according to a specific recipe and for various loadings of magnetic fillers. The cure characteristics, magnetic properties, electrical properties and mechanical properties of these elastomer blends are carried out. The electrical permittivity of all the rubber samples in the X - band are also conducted.

Compatibilisation of Powdered Nitrile Rubber Toughened Polystyrene

The present study aims at the preparation of an ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) type toughened thermoplastic by melt blending polystyrene (PS) and powdered nitrile rubber (NBR). The product is an interesting class of toughened thermoplastic, which would combine the superior mechanical and processing characteristics of PS and the excellent oil-resistant properties of NBR. In this thesis an attempt has been made to investigate systematically the effect of compatibilisation and dynamic vulcanisation on the morphology and properties of powdered nitrile rubber toughened polystyrene.

”Investigations on The Finite Size Effects of Some Inverse Spinels and Studies on Their Composites Based on Nitrile Rubber”

In the present study, nano particles of NiFe3O4, I_.l()5Feg5O4 and CoFegO4 are prepared by sol gel method. By appropriate heat treatments, particles of different grain sizes are obtained. The structural, magnetic and electrical measurements are evaluated as a function of grain size and temperature. NiFe3O4 prepared in the ultrafine regime are then incorporated in nitrile rubber matrix. The incorporation was carried out according to a specific recipe and for various loadings of magnetic fillers. The cure characteristics, magnetic properties, electrical properties and mechanical properties of these elastomer blends are carried out. The electrical permittivity of all the rubber samples in the X — band are also conducted

Magnetic and processability studies of nitrile rubber vulcanisates containing barium ferrite and carbon black

Fine particles of barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) belonging to the M-type hexagonal ferrites were prepared by the conventional ceramic techniques. They were incorporated into a nitrile rubber matrix according to a specific recipe for various loadings to produce rubber ferrite composites (RFC). The percolation threshold is not reached for a maximum loading of 130 phr (parts per hundred rubber). Here in this paper, the magnetic properties and processability of the nitrile rubber based RFCs containing barium ferrite (BaF) and HAF carbon black is reported. The magnetic properties of the ceramic ferrite and these rubber ferrite composites were evaluated and it was found that the coercivity values of RFCs were less than that of the ceramic BaF, but remained constant with the loading of both the ferrite filler and carbon black. However, other properties like saturation magnetization and magnetic remanence increased with the loading of ferrite filler.

Flexible microwave absorbers based on barium hexaferrite, carbon black, and nitrile rubber for 2–12 GHz applications

Flexile single layer electromagnetic wave absorbers were designed by incorporating appropriate amounts of carbon black in a nitrile butadiene rubber matrix along with an optimized amount of magnetic counterpart, namely, barium hexaferrite for applications in S, C, and X-bands. Effective dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability were measured using cavity perturbation method in the frequency range of 2–12 GHz. The microwave absorbing characteristics of the composites were studied in the S, C, and X-bands employing a model in which an electromagnetic wave is incident normally on a metal terminated single layer. Reflection loss exceeding 20 dB is obtained for all the samples in a wide frequency range of 2–12 GHz when an appropriate absorber thickness between 5 and 9mm is chosen. The impact of carbon black is clearly observed in the optimized composites on the mechanical strength, thickness, band width of absorption, dielectric properties,

A Novel Accelerator Combination for the Low Temperature Curing of Silica-Filled NBR Compounds

Zinc salts of ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl xanthates were prepared in the laboratory. The effect of these xanthates in combination with zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDC) on the vulcanization of silica-filled NBR compounds has been studied at different temperatures. The cure times of these compounds were compared with that of NBR compounds containing tetramethylthiuram disulphide/dibenzthiazyl disulphide. The rubber compounds with the xanthates and ZDC were cured at various temperatures from 60 to 150°C. The sheets were molded and properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, crosslink density, elongation at break, compression set, abrasion resistance, flex resistance, heat buildup, etc. were evaluated. The properties showed that zinc salt of xanthate/ZDC combination has a positive synergistic effect on the cure rate and mechanical properties of NBR compounds.

Low Temperature Curing of NBR for Property Improvement

Zinc salts of ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl xanthates are prepared in the laboratory, and the effect of these xanthates with zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate (ZDC) on the vulcanization of HAF-filled nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) compounds has been studied at different temperatures. The cure times of these compounds have been compared with that of NBR compounds containing TMTD/MBTS. The rubber compounds with the three xanthate accelerators and ZDC are cured at various temperatures from 60 to 150°C. The sheets are molded and properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, cross-link density, elongation at break, compression set, abrasion resistance, flex resistance, etc. have been evaluated. The properties show that zinc salt of the xanthate/ZDC accelerator system has a positive synergistic effect on the cure rate and mechanical properties of NBR compounds.

Use of Amine Terminated Liquid Natural Rubber as a Plasticiser in Filled NR andNBR Compounds

Amine Terminated Liquid Natural Rubber (ATNR) was used as a plasticiser in filled NR and NBR compounds replacing oil/DOP. The scorch time and cure time were found to be lowered when ATNR was used as the plasticiser. ATNR was found to improve the mechanical properties like tensile strength, tear strength and modulus of the vulcanizates . The ageing resistance of the vulcanizates containing ATNR was superior compared to the vulcanizates containing oil/DOP.

Linseed Oil as a Multipurpose Ingredient in NBR Vulcanizate

ABSTRACT: Linseed oil is used in the dual roles of the plasticizer and the fatty acid component of the activator in nitrile rubber vulcanizates. The study shows that the substitution can substantially improve the mechanical properties in addition to other advantages such as increased cure rate, reduced leachability and reduced compound cost.

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber/ Reclaimed Rubber-Nylon Fiber Composite

The effect of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) -polyethyleneglycol (PEG) resin on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of nitrile rubber/whole tyre eclaim-short nylon fiber composite-was studied. At a constant loading of 5 phr, the resin composition was varied. The minimum torque .,id (maximum - minimum) torque increased with isocyanate concentration. Scorch time and cure time showed a reduction on introduction of bonding agent. Properties like tensile strength, tear strength, and abrasion resistance increased with increase in MDI/PEG ratio, and these properties are higher in the longitudinal direction of fiber orientation. Compression set increased with isocyanate concentration and the resilience remain unchanged.

Development of Elastomeric Hybrid Composite Based on Synthesised Manosilica and Short Nylon Fiber

Nanoscale silica was synthesized by precipitation method using sodium silicate and dilute hydrochloric acid under controlled conditions. The synthesized silica was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), BET adsorption and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The particle size of silica was calculated to be 13 nm from the XRD results and the surface area was found to be 295 m2/g by BET method. The performance of this synthesized nanosilica as a reinforcing filler in natural rubber (NR) compound was investigated. The commercial silica was used as the reference material. Nanosilica was found to be effective reinforcing filler in natural rubber compound. Filler-matrix interaction was better for nanosilica than the commercial silica. The synthesized nanosilica was used in place of conventional silica in HRH (hexamethylene tetramine, resorcinol and silica) bonding system for natural rubber and styrene butadiene rubber / Nylon 6 short fiber composites. The efficiency of HRH bonding system based on nanosilica was better. Nanosilica was also used as reinforcing filler in rubber / Nylon 6 short fiber hybrid composite. The cure, mechanical, ageing, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of nanosilica / Nylon 6 short fiber / elastomeric hybrid composites were studied in detail. The matrices used were natural rubber (NR), nitrile rubber (NBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and chloroprene rubber (CR). Fiber loading was varied from 0 to 30 parts per hundred rubber (phr) and silica loading was varied from 0 to 9 phr. Hexa:Resorcinol:Silica (HRH) ratio was maintained as 2:2:1. HRH loading was adjusted to 16% of the fiber loading. Minimum torque, maximum torque and cure time increased with silica loading. Cure rate increased with fiber loading and decreased with silica content. The hybrid composites showed improved mechanical properties in the presence of nanosilica. Tensile strength showed a dip at 10 phr fiber loading in the case of NR and CR while it continuously increased with fiber loading in the case of NBR and SBR. The nanosilica improved the tensile strength, modulus and tear strength better than the conventional silica. Abrasion resistance and hardness were also better for the nanosilica composites. Resilience and compression set were adversely affected. Hybrid composites showed anisotropy in mechanical properties. Retention in ageing improved with fiber loading and was better for nanosilica-filled hybrid composites. The nanosilica also improved the thermal stability of the hybrid composite better than the commercial silica. All the composites underwent two-step thermal degradation. Kinetic studies showed that the degradation of all the elastomeric composites followed a first-order reaction. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that storage modulus (E’) and loss modulus (E”) increased with nanosiica content, fiber loading and frequency for all the composites, independent of the matrix. The highest rate of increase was registered for NBR rubber.

Studies on Conducting Polymers and Conductive Elastomer Composites

The primary aim of this work has been to develop conductive silicone and nitrile rubbers, which are extensively used for making conductive pads in telephone sets, calculators and other applications. Another objective of the work has been to synthesise and characterize novel conducting polymers based on glyoxal and paraphenylenediamine- poly(p-phenylenediazomethine. Conducting polymer matrices were developed from polymer blends such as poly(pphenylenediazomethine), polyethylene, PVC and silica and their properties were studied.

Studies on adhesives for bonding rubber to rubber and rubber to textiles

The primary objective of this investigation has been to develop more efficient and low cost adhesives for bonding various elastomer combinations particularly NR to NR, NR/PB to NR/PB, CR to CR,NR to CR and NR to NBR.A significant achievement of the investigation was the development of solventless and environment friendly solid adhesives for NR to NR and NR/PB to NR/PB particularly for precured retreading. Conventionally used adhesives in this area are mostly NR based adhesive strips in the presence of a dough. The study has shown that an ultra accelerator could be added to the dough just before applying it on the tire which can significantly bring down the retreading time resulting in prolonged tire service and lower energy consumption. Further latex reclaim has been used for the preparation of the solid strip which can reduce the cost considerably.Another significant finding was that by making proper selection of the RF resin, the efficiency and shelflife of the RFL adhesive used for nylon and rayon tire cord dipping can be improved. In the conventionally used RFL adhesive, the resin once prepared has to be added to the latex within 30 minutes and the RFL has to be used after 4 hours maturation time maximum shelf life of the RFL dip solution being 72 hours. In this study a formaldehyde deficient resin was used and hence more flexibility was available for mixing with latex and maturing. It also has a much longer shelf life. In the method suggested in this study, formaldehyde donors were added only in the rubber compound to make up the formaldehyde deficiency in the RFL. The results of this investigation show that the pull through load by employing this method and the conventional method are comparable. This study has also shown that the amount of RF resin with RFL adhesive can be partially replaced by other modifying agents for cost reduction.Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) resin can be employed for improving the bonding of dipped nylon and rayon cord with NR.Since CNSL resin cannot be added in the dip solution since it is not soluble in water, it was added in the rubber compound. The amount of wood rosin in the rubber compound can be reduced by using CNSL resin.Another interesting result of the investigation was the use of CR based adhesive modified with chlorinated natural rubber for CR to CR bonding. Addition of chlorinated natural rubber was found to improve sea water resistance of CR based adhesive. In the bonding of a polar rubber like nitrile rubber or polychloroprene rubber to a non polar rubber like natural rubber, an adhesive based on polychloroprene rubber was found to be effective.