ALPHA2 Adrenergic and High Affinity Serotonergic Receptor Changes in the Brain Stem of Streptozotocin induced Diabetic Rats

The brain stems (13S) of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats were studied lo see the changes in neurotransmitter content and their receptor regulation. The norepinephrine (NE) content determined in the diabetic brain stems did ^ control. an E showed la while PI turnover hri content increased significantly compared N^r eNveFa o the recep significant increase. The alpha2 adrenergic receptor IneP utisoulinntreat d ratsetheNE contentt dec^ sled was significantly reduced during diabetes. in versedcto reanorm sed ulcrea e tK reatment the state. while EPI content remained increased as in die diabetic B,, for a]pha2 adrenergic receptors slw^nificantly while Unlabelled clonidine inhibited [31-I]NE binding in BS of control, diabetic and insulin treated ulations bindi diabetic rats showed that alpha2 adrenergicre^ punks cojnidiabetic animal the ligand bound sites with Hill slopes significantly away from unity. weaker to the low affinity site than in controls. Insulin treatment reversed[ this allumbmn to control levels. The displacement analysis using (-)-epinephrine age in control and diabetic animals revealed two populations of receptor affinidtyo=tat ss. In control animals, when GTP analogue added with epinephrine, the curve nagnlde caofnfitnroit yS model; but in the diabetic BS this effect `not aobserved. In bintact oth the diabetic data thus showlthat the effects of monovalent cations on affinity alphaz adrenergic receptors have a reduced affinity v due in stem ialtered Itscppeomson(5- regulation. The serotonin (5-HT) coat hydroxy) tryptophan (5-HTP) showed an increase and its breakdown metabolite (5-hydroxy) indoleacetic acid (5-I{IAA) showed a significant decrease. This showed that in serotonergic which l nerves there is a disturbance in both synthetic and breankduomwnbers pretma'med ana increased 5-HT. The high affinity serotonin receptor um ese serotonerg decrease in the receptor affinity. The insulin ^treatmentsturtiy showsha decreased serotonergic receptor kinetic parameters to control level. receptor function. These changes in adrenergic and serotonergic receptor function were suggested to be important in insulin function during STZ diabetes.

Development of a varactor -controlled dual-frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna

A new design for a compact electronically reconffgurable singlefeed dual frequency dual-polarized operation of a square-microstrip antenna capable of achieving tunable frequency ratios in the range 1.1 to 1.37 is proposed and experimentally studied. Varactor diodes inlegruted with the arms of the hexagonal slot and embedded in the square patch are used to tune the operating frequencies by applying reverse-bias voltage. The design has the advantage of size reduction up to 73.21% and 49.86% for the two resonant frequencies, respectively, as compared to standard rectangular patches. The antenna offers good bandwidth of 5.74% and 5.36% for the two operating frequencies. A highly simplified tuning circuitry without any transmission lines adds to the compactness of the design

Analysis and Testing of a Novel Oadm Based on FBG and Machzehnder Interferometer

A novel optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) based on the Mach-Zelauler interferometer (MZI) and the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed for the first tittle to the authors ' knowledge. In the structure, the Mach-Zehnder interferometer acts as an optical switch. The principle of the OADM is analyzed in this paper. The OADM can add/drop one of the multi-input channels or pass the channel directly by adjusting the difference of the two arms of the interferometer. The channel isolation is more than 20 dB

Design and development of an LED based fiber optic evanescent wave sensor for simultaneous detection of chromium and nitrite traces in water

The design and development of a cost-effective, simple, sensitive and portable LED based fiber optic evanescent wave sensor for simultaneously detecting trace amounts of chromium and nitrite in water are presented. In order to obtain the desired performance, the middle portions of two multimode plastic clad silica fibers are unclad and are used as the sensing elements in the two arms of the sensor. Each of the sensor arms is sourced by separate super bright green LEDs, which are modulated in a time-sharing manner and a single photo detector is employed for detecting these light signals. The performance and characteristics of this system clearly establish the usefulness of the technique for detecting very low concentrations of the dissolved contaminants.

Design of Compact Reconfigurable Dual Frequency Microstrip Antennas Using Varactor Diodes

The design of a compact, single feed, dual frequency dual polarized and electronically reconfigurable microstrip antenna is presented in this paper. A square patch loaded with a hexagonal slot having extended slot arms constitutes the fundamental structure of the antenna. The tuning of the two resonant frequencies is realized by varying the effective electrical length of the slot arms by embedding varactor diodes across the slots. A high tuning range of 34.43% (1.037–1.394 GHz) and 9.27% (1.359–1.485 GHz) is achieved for the two operating frequencies respectively, when the bias voltage is varied from 0 to −30 V. The salient feature of this design is that it uses no matching networks even though the resonant frequencies are tuned in a wide range with good matching below −10 dB. The antenna has an added advantage of size reduction up to 80.11% and 65.69% for the two operating frequencies compared to conventional rectangular patches.

Synergic Reactions in the Estuarine Environment leading to Modulation of Aluminium metal during Transport Processes (in Cochin Estuary)

The research work which was carried out to Synergic Reactions in the Estuarine Environment leading to Modulation of Aluminium metal during Transport Processes (in Cochin Estuary)Estuaries are considered as sink or source for terrestrial and various anthropogenically generated materials. These include naturally occurring elements Al, Si, Fe or trace inorganics or industrial pollutants of different types. There have been reports on both positive and negative impacts by the introduction of above materials into the ecosystem.This thesis deals with the trace metal Aluminium (Al) whose average concentration (about 8%) in the earths crust is surpassed only by that of Oxygen and Silicon. There can be no doubt that most of the land derived materials reaches the ocean through rivers via estuaries. An important aspect noticed here is that the concentration of dissolved Al is much lower in sea water than in river water.On critically analysing Cochin estuary, for the entire cycles, covering monsoon, postmonsoon and premonsoon, the following salient features are documented as hereunder. Dissolved Al exhibits high and variable trends in Cochin estuary, the influencing parameters being salinity, SPM, pH and dissolved Si. A general profile showed removal in upper/mid estuary followed by regeneration in the mid/lower estuary and further decrease seawards in the southern/northem arms.Distribution appears to be a function of freshwater input, the monsoon season exhibiting very high concentrations throughout the estuary. As the river discharge decreased with the progress of seasons, dissolved Al concentration also decreased, the metal limiting itself to the upper and mid estuary.