Study on Microcredit in Kerala with Special Reference to Employment and Income Generation through Microenterprises and Livelihood Projects

This study aimed to study the evolution and substance of microfinance as a major tool for combating poverty at the global and national level. The development of micro finance in Kerala is briefly discussed. It also indicates the importance and role of microcredit in bringing the poor up in the society through entrepreneurial initiatives. The current trends in the field are also discussed, leading to the need of the present research.

Impact of the Sanitary and Phyto Sanitary Agreement on the Exports of Marine Products from India with Special Reference to Kerala

Fish and fishery products are regarded as healthy foods and there has been a significant increase in their global trade. Besides that, trade liberalization policies, globalization of food systems and technological innovations have furthered the increase in international trade in fish and fishery products.Fish and fishery product exports have a significant place in the export basket of India. Export earnings of India from fishery products increased from ` 4 crores in 1960-61to ` 12901.47 crores in 2010-11(MPEDA, 2012). The share of export earnings from fish and fishery products as a percentage of total agricultural exports of India increased from a low of 1.76 percent in 1960-61 to a high of 25.06 percent in 1994-95. But its share declined to 16.60 percent in the following year. Though its share in agricultural exports of the country has declined since then, in 2010-11, marine product exports accounted for 9.61 percent of total agricultural exports of India representing a significant share.

Employment Realm in Technical Education in Kerala-A Study on the Problem of Unemployment among Engineers

The The The The growing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demand for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of the the the the publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system of education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goods emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized on large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds for promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting education. Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to the rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of India, Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect primarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the earlierarlierarlierarlierarlierarlier political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social compulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions of the state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The presumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of assured assured assured assured assured assured assured assured and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other countries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased further the scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher education in KeralaKeralaKeralaKeralaKeralaKerala, particularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularly the technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe

Fingerprinting of Mangrove Ecosystems along Northern Kerala Coast using Biomarker Approach

Mangrove forests are the most productive and bio-diverse wetlands on earth. It generate a large amount of litter in the form of leaves, branches, twigs, inflorescence and other debris and provides habitat for diverse flora and fauna of marine and terrestrial origin such as bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, zooplankton, benthos, birds, reptiles and mammals. These systems act as nursery for many fishes and shellfishes. The other sources may also provide important organic carbon inputs; including allochthonous riverine or marine material, autochthonous production by benthic or epiphytic micro- or macroalgae, and local water column production by phytoplankton. Since mangrove sediments are very complex which receives autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter inputs, the information extracted from the analysis of mangrove sediments is the fingerprint of both natural and human-induced changes.

Biomarker Geochemistry of Core Sediments in the Mangrove Ecosystems along Northern Kerala Coast

Mangroves are diverse group of trees, palms, shrubs, and ferns that share a common ability to live in waterlogged saline soils exposed to regular flooding, and are highly specialised plants which have developed unusual adaptations to the unique environmental conditions. They are sites of accumulation and preservation of both allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter owing to their strategic loction at the interface between land and sea and prevailing reducing environment. They are among the most productive ecosystems and are efficient carbon sinks with most of the carbon stored in sediments.Mangrove ecosystems play a significant role in global carbon cycle and hence the knowledge on the processes controlling the delivery of organic matter to coastal sediments, and how these signatures are preserved in the sediment is a prerequisite for the understanding of biogeochemical cycles. The evaluation of nature and sources of organic matter can be accomplished by the determination of biochemical constituents like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. When characterised at molecular level, lipids provide valuable information about the sources of organic matter, even though they account only small fraction of organic matter. They are useful for the paleo-environmental reconstruction because of their low reactivity, high preservation potential and high source specificity relative to other organic class of compounds. The application of recent analytical techniques has produced a wealth of useful information but has also indicated the gaps in our knowledge on cycling of organic matter in the coastal ecosystems. The quantity and quality of organic matter preserved in sediments vary depending up on the nature of material delivered to the sediment and on the depositional environment. The input from both autochthonous and allochthonous sources sharpens the complexity of biogeochemistry of mangrove ecosystem and hence bulk sedimentary parameters are not completely successful in evaluating the sources of organic matter in mangrove sediments. An effective tool for the source characterisation of organic matter in coastal ecosystems is biomarker approach. Biomarkers are chemical "signatures" present in environmental samples whose structural information can be linked to its biological precursor. The usefulness of molecular biomarkers depends on high taxonomic specificity, potential for preservation, recalcitrant against geochemical changes, easily analysable in environmental samples and should have a limited number of well-defined sources.

Financial Inclusion of The Small and Marginal Farmers by the Banking Sector in Kerala

Financial inclusion for inclusive growth is central to the developmental philosophy of most of the nations over the past decade. It has been a priority for policy makers and regulators in financial sector development for improving access and usage of financial services to achieve comprehensive financial inclusion. The initiatives taken towards financial inclusion can promote a more effective and efficient process to achieve significant improvements in financial inclusion are to establish and achieve shared and sustainable development and growth. Realising this, an increasing number of countries are committing to promote financial inclusion, encouraged by the growing body of country level experiences (World Bank, 2012). Financial inclusion basically means, broad based growth through participation as well as sharing the benefits from the growth process along with the under privileged and marginal segments of the economy. Evidence suggests that it has substantial benefits for equitable and sustainable growth. Inclusive growth ensures that while economy grows rapidly, all segments of society are involved in this growth process, ensuring equal opportunities, devoid of any regional or sectoral disparitiesIt is widely acknowledged that the objective ofinclusive growth is accomplished through the process of financial inclusion. Financial inclusion envisages bringing everyone, irrespective of financial status, into the banking fold for the individual progress and development and thereby achieving comprehensive growth with equity

Characterization and Quantification of Major Biochemical Components and Secondary Metabolites of Some Green and Red Seaweeds from the Kerala Coast

Sea is a huge source to meet our daily needs, lifff(rrsccaaaeyohdpnnmmmimlruCeeeaorcxnefkuuouiaosaae nedparihtnatvesmtrpdmerrdnosi cwrlurlstdo -ofaieasopautiktlaeotnc intcyie,rcensruact irnshtoreitotee nnioipiaeetsnmma oeins oSsdiipdoonu soienadh hnoaae nno ein hctlshlacscnalersadiy i, udif ,y t sec aag bae wo sosc fr eoc a ntsralnoi alfador,oeahtefxneeofl nuc otu h nu imnatofe ratata ncisted rn teoieesdvdxrnnhescceexptsp gmn )ieis oadhitratmtnit dapo imoo i soheiwurc a s- toaaorhpstiie aieaidsr,nrneaedttiod ldenahi s. nctyiitdsl nictsseueavev sSera em d,h,e cdu sbsaeer depsraowe nde ,,cpscn m eaa n hrnfx uiesia tvoitsb memdoytprveatoati ft aisrvfrohceertfr dettogcenitt eo oi euafarsn sgepua srre nwctsamucrmaneoeeuurnworaieostnael aelaut anrtcstptai.iavmula,di sdenetzt et,a rcpn aeHbioetr ren s cttapniwrsibiyredl(nhhar,ciutnele eott Pd yssi naae.aos tgntbfspac uo,h shaalloi tt te eitlisr Tm,nu(eietaa teo s v x-o atvhutotrhdrreb, hqedtdhepy hdloa,fcsevetoesl gguynio uioehueeerlrea rv bpaaepsarti er b acprcepiaiei,chtmanoet rt ttoiilaerovt ahiscyd,tri tft os inktannao oi1nm iitieoccsiirttmdftre,etogcv t0etn.u aino ie pnye seohtmi e aom0oraosad hes lsspa cebnr.nm0end awsae a iiasem)hi vxyn0,ot.iliwPo p o neeingeireb s fTet-chhncaf ttbri el sh,ei tnh chy hbyyonbsaaepivmae .eoa eeeeitlbll,lfdmabern ooos eotltmlayaaiealsccoo,e r ncbtc uw iranuo)dim.aoisgnhlwahp iesn eciysf ot,aeitprOete hes amsecsdh( hfeerdemrh.m.sRiy lfad a i ees dgaosi caeycclag vh T ii illhtasfcTthcuflorccsyloeh aoiol horsot tae shn,csa r.rai erhdrtoa menea,lyxnlesdeh ayrs sao r dcctadi gN e epigep,m etrtapat nn a uy,a reraie oywcrd rahb vireai enepmseacwoanuspnvyyeirepso ntcocrerttassepc c iieeaedohefoaeab me-tnc rie l ndsuhnmaemng i wioi,scgaos tclcaeltnteoeesomaiga eeluaic eieytn, yci ivucnnspi) a.atet.dtfsf,ops g a,is iodgawltbf d hsou,oIenosrwoee a grgino sensoc entoauddrgmeforf h lieureaw o as minaeo nntatb itd t lnuohrhecndieaaratttotoaicssdhndphooyeeaecsssssrffl

An Integrated Study on the Holocene Aquifer and the Water Resource Potential of Karamana River Basin, Southern Kerala, India

Water constitutes the basic resource for life. Management of coastal aquifers, which are the important sources of freshwater that feed the rapid economic growth of the region is facing increasing challenges. A large portion of the global population inhabits the coastal and adjoining areas leading to a high demand for water both surface and ground water resources of coastal tracts. With increasing population this puts significant stress on water resources of many of the coastal tracts of the world. Several recent studies have indicated that coastal aquifers of Cenozoic age are globally under threat due to several reasons. Climate change is expected to affect the freshwater resources of coastal aquifers, which in turn will affect half of the global population residing in coastal areas. Sea-level rise will induce landward migration of the freshwater-saltwater transition zone, i.e., seawater or saltwater intrusion, jeopardizing freshwater availability. In order to facilitate the management of fresh coastal groundwater resources, a comprehensive understanding of the SLR-SWI relationship is crucial.

Dynamics And Speciation Of The Heavy Metals In The Lower Reaches Of Chithrapuzha- A Tropical Tidal River

The proposed study is an attempt to quantify and study the seasonal and spatial variations in the distribution of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb among the various geochemical phases in the surficial sediments of Chitrapuzha river. The study also estimates the concentration of heavy metals in dissolved, particulate and sediments and their variation in seasonal and spatial distribution. Chitrapuzha River originates as a small stream from the upper reaches of high ranges in the eastern boundary of Kerala, passes through the valley and finally joints in the Cochin backwaters. Numerous industrial units located along the banks of the river discharge treated and untreated effluents into the water. These are long standing local complaints about water pollution causing fish mortality and serious damage to agricultural crops resulting in extensive unemployment in the area. The river is thus of considerable social and economic importance.

Geochemistry and Minerology of Chaliyar River Sediments with Special Reference to the Occurrence of Placer Gold

The present work deals with the texture, mineralogy and geochemistry of bedload sediments of the main stream of the Chaliyar basin, a typical small drainage system of the tropics enjoying heavy rain fall and moderate climate, located essentially in the Northern Kerala and flowing over the crystalline rocks (and their laterized duricrust) of the South Indian granulite terrain. As the Chaliyar is the major river draining the Wynad Gold Fields and is known for its placer gold occurrences, the thesis gives special emphasize on understanding the nature and distribution of detrital gold in sediments of the basin, while attempting to infer the provenance characteristics and factors involved in the evolution of sediments in general. Minerologically the chaliyar basin sands are quartzose. The quartz and feldspar contents in the coarse sand fraction of the basin range from 64 to 86% and 2 to 16% respectively. The Q/F ration ranges from 4 to 38 with a slight decrease in the lower reaches. Other minerals present include, hornblende, pyroxene and heavy minerals like opaques, garnet, rutile, biotite, spene, silliminite, zircon, apatite and monazite some of which are seen as inclusions in quartz. The major element composition of Chaliyar bedload sediments in the main channel and the headwater tributaries is related to the mineralogical and textual characteristics of sediments.

A Diagnostic and Modeling Study on the Onset of Summer Monsoon over South Asia

This study focuses on the onset of southwest monsoon over Kerala. India Meteorological Department (IMD) has been using a semi-objective method to define monsoon onset. The main objectives of the study are to understand the monsoon onset processes, to simulate monsoon onset in a GCM using as input the atmospheric conditions and Sea Surface Temperature, 10 days earlier to the onset, to develop a method for medium range prediction of the date of onset of southwest monsoon over Kerala and to examine the possibility of objectively defining the date of Monsoon Onset over Kerala (MOK). It gives a broad description of regional monsoon systems and monsoon onsets over Asia and Australia. Asian monsoon includes two separate subsystems, Indain monsoon and East Asian monsoon. It is seen from this study that the duration of the different phases of the onset process are dependent on the period of ISO. Based on the study of the monsoon onset process, modeling studies can be done for better understanding of the ocean-atmosphere interaction especially those associated with the warm pool in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.

Women Industrial Cooperatives- An Analysis of Its Structure, Performance and Growth in Kannur District

In the present study made an attempt to analyse the structure, performance and growth of women industrial cooperatives in kannur district, Kerala. The study encompasses all women industrial cooperatives registered at the district industries center, kannur and that currently exist. The women industrial cooperatives are classified into two ie; group with network and another group without network. In Kannur there are 54 units working as women industrial cooperatives. One of the main problems the women cooperatives face is the lack of working capital followed marketing problem. The competition between cooperatives and private traders is very high. The variables examined to analyse the performance of women industrial cooperatives in Kannur showed that there exists inter unit differences in almost all the variables. The financial structure structure shows that the short term liquidity of women cooperatives in Kannur favour more the units which have political networks; but the long term financial coverage is seen to be highly geared in this group, not because of a decline is net worth but due to highly proportionate increase in financial liabilities in the form of borrowings. The encouragement given by the government through financial stake and other incentives has been the major factor in the formation and growth of women cooperatives. As a result both productivity and efficiency improves in the cooperatives. In short the present study helped to capture the impact, role and dynamics of networking in general and socio political network in particular in relation to intra and inter unit differences on the structure, growth and performance of women industrial cooperatives societies in Kannur district