Growing up expectations. Better understanding the expectations of community partners in participatory action research projects

This paper challenges the assumption that youth and youth agencies are in a condition of equality when entering a participatory action research (PAR). By asserting that it is not a state of equality that practitioners nor youth should assume nor be immediately striving for, but a consistently equitable process, this article draws from and reflects on the relationship between young people and researchers who have used a PAR methodology in action oriented projects. Using the UNESCO Growing up in Cities Canada project as a case example, this review extrapolates from and reflects on challenges faced by the project as a whole. Using semi-structured interviews to explore the roles of adults and youth, a number of strategies are highlighted as the techniques used to overcome these challenges. The discussion concludes with further reflection on the complexities of equality and equity, recommending a number of actions that have the potential to create an equitable environment in PAR projects similar to the one examined.

Certification of community-based forest enterprises (CFEs): limits of the Brazilian experiences

The Brazilian Amazon is one of the world’s largest tropical forests. It supplies more than 80 % of Brazil’s timber production and makes this nation the second largest producer of tropical wood. The forestry sector is of major importance in terms of economic production and employment creation. However, the Brazilian Amazon is also known for its high deforestation rate and for its rather unsustainably managed timber resources, a fact which puts in the balance the long-term future of the forestry sector in the region. Since the mid- 1990s, with strong support from World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the number of tropical forests certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has significantly increased. This is especially true for projects sponsored by large scale companies. The number of community- based forest management projects has also increased. Certification of community-based forest enterprises (CFEs) was initially a goal for the sponsors and community members. Certification is viewed as a way to reach alternative timber markets. In Brazil, the state of Acre has the highest concentration of CFEs certified by FSC. Most of them have been implemented with the support of environmental NGOs and public funds. Environmental NGOs strongly defend the advantages of certification for communities; however, in reality, this option is not that advantageous. Despite all the efforts, the number of participants in each project remains low. Why is this occurring? In this paper, we analyze the underlying motives of a few individual’s participation in CFEs certification projects. We aim to present and discuss some factors that shape the success of CFEs and their later certification. The results are based on surveys conducted in two certified CFEs in the state of Acre.

Rethinking community in Dionne Brand’s What we all long for, Ahdaf Soueif’s The map of love, Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s ghost and Joseph Boyden’s Three day road and through black spruce

Dans cette thèse, j’ai étudié les alternatives aux communautés normatives proposées dans les romans suivants: What We All Long For de Dionne Brand, The Map of Love d’Ahdaf Soueif, Anil’s Ghost de Michael Ondaatje aini que Three Day Road et Through Black Spruce de Joseph Boyden. En utilisant un nombre de termes clés (les aspirations, la traduction (culturelle) subversive, la guérison, l’autodétermination), j’ai examiné la critiques des communautés normatives aussi bien que la configuration des communautés alternatives développées dans les œuvres cités ci-haut. L’étude de trois romans diasporiques et deux romans amérindiens m’a permis d’établir un « dialogue » entre deux visions du monde ainsi qu’entre deux approches aux crises des communautés normatives. En effet, la conception d’une communauté alternative présentée dans le roman de Boyden souligne le rôle important que joue la famille dans la conception d’une société postcolonial alternative. Les romans diasporiques, en revanche, évitent de fonder leurs conceptions de la communauté alternative sur la famille traditionnelle comme unité d’organisation sociale. Les communautés alternatives proposées dans les romans diasporiques sont basées sur des alliances au-delà des différences nationales, culturelles, religieuses et ethniques. Le premier chapitre a traité la communauté affective proposée comme alternative à la communauté multiculturelle canadienne. Le deuxième chapitre a traité la communauté alternative et la mezzaterra, l’espace du quel cette communauté ressort, dans The Map of Love de Soueif. Dans le troisième chapitre, j’ai exploré la relation entre la guérison, le toucher et l'émergence d'une communauté alternative dans Anil's Ghost d’Ondaatje. Dans le dernier chapitre, j’ai analysé la façon dont l'affirmation de l'autonomie juridique et la narration pourrait contribuer à la découverte de la vision qui guide la communauté Cri dépeint, dans les romans de Boyden, dans sa tentative de construire une communauté alternative postcoloniale. Mots clés: Communautés alternatives, traduction (culturelle) subversive, affect, communautés normatives en crise, multiculturalisme et guérison