L’accès gratuit à l’eau potable bénéficie-t-il nécessairement au plus défavorisé ? Une discussion critique à l’aune du cas de la Flandre

This article discusses the 1997 Flemish reform in the domestic water sector (Belgium). It abolished a previously existing social correction of the wastewater charge. Instead, a tax exemption for some disadvantaged categories was introduced. Moreover, water consumers receive 15 m3 of drinking-water per person per year for free. This policy change was assumed to contribute better to social equity. However, the reform led to changes in the drinking water tariffs by the water companies. Furthermore, a study conducted by Van Humbeeck (1998) shows that the distributive impact of the new water regulation is negative. As a matter of fact, the water reform increased the regressivity of the total wastewater and drinking water expenses. The Flemish example shows that ex ante evaluation of any reform of public services is a prerequisite for more social justice in the provision of basic goods to underprivileged citizens.

Les fonds mutuels éthiques américains : la présence de croyances organisationnelles au cœur de la performance sociale et financière.

Il y a plusieurs manières de classer les fonds mutuels éthiques. L'une d'elles est de porter l'emphase sur le genre de croyances organisationnelles que nous pouvons retrouver dans ces fonds. Il y a des fonds mutuels éthiques dans lesquels nous pouvons identifier des croyances à orientation financière qui tentent d'expliquer ou de justifier les choix faits par les gestionnaires de ces fonds. Certains autres fonds mutuels éthiques sont plutôt caractérisés par leurs croyances à orientation sociale qui justifient leurs critères sociaux. Dans certains cas, les fonds mutuels éthiques ont les deux genres de croyances. Nous avons analysé ici trois fonds mutuels éthiques (Parnassus Equity Income Fund, Calvert Social Investment Fund Portfolio", "Domini Social Equity Fund") afin de voir si les fonds mutuels éthiques ayant des croyances à orientation financière et/ou sociale auraient une meilleure performance financière que le S & P 500. Nous avons trouvé que le fonds ayant la meilleure performance financière par rapport au S & P 500 était un fonds mutuel éthique ayant des croyances à orientation financière. Les deux autres fonds ayant des croyances à orientation sociale avaient une performance financière plus basse par rapport au S & P 500.

Deprivation and Social Exclusion

Social exclusion manifests itself in the lack of an individual’s access to functionings as compared to other members of society. Thus, the concept is closely related to deprivation. We view deprivation as having two basic determinants: the lack of identification with other members of society and the aggregate alienation experienced by an agent with respect to those with fewer functioning failures. We use an axiomatic approach to characterize classes of deprivation and exclusion measures and apply some of them to EU data for the period from 1994 to 2000.

Intertemporal Social Evaluation

Intertemporal social-evaluation rules provide us with social criteria that can be used to assess the relative desirability of utility distributions across generations. The trade-offs between the well-being of different generations implicit in each such rule reflect the underlying ethical position on issues of intergenerational equity or justice. We employ an axiomatic approach in order to identify ethically attractive socialevaluation procedures. In particular, we explore the possibilities of using welfare information and non-welfare information in a model of intertemporal social evaluation. We focus on the individuals’ birth dates and lengths of life as the relevant non-welfare information. As usual, welfare information is given by lifetime utilities. It is assumed that this information is available for each alternative to be ranked. Various weakenings of the Pareto principle are employed in order to allow birth dates or lengths of life (or both) to matter in social evaluation. In addition, we impose standard properties such as continuity and anonymity and we examine the consequences of an intertemporal independence property. For each of the Pareto conditions employed, we characterize all social-evaluation rules satisfying it and our other axioms. The resulting rules are birth-date dependent or lifetime-dependent versions of generalized utilitarianism. Furthermore, we discuss the ethical and axiomatic foundations of geometric discounting in the context of our model.

Social Choice: Recent Developments

In the past quarter century, there has been a dramatic shift of focus in social choice theory, with structured sets of alternatives and restricted domains of the sort encountered in economic problems coming to the fore. This article provides an overview of some of the recent contributions to four topics in normative social choice theory in which economic modelling has played a prominent role: Arrovian social choice theory on economic domains, variable-population social choice, strategy-proof social choice, and axiomatic models of resource allocation.

Relating Fragile States to Social and Human Fragilities

Fragile States is a way of naming this particular category of states that have weak performance, insufficient service delivery, weak administrative and government power, and lack of legal rules. Little consideration is usually made to the fact that their own societies may also be fragile and easily jeopardised by inappropriate economic measures or external events. Poverty traps and social exclusion, unjust inequalities with lack of equity, feelings of insecurity and vulnerability, usually undermine the social fabric. Moreover, the people bear their own internal fragilities, which are based on the lack of capabilities and recognition, and interfere in the relationships between the groups that constitute the society. Therefore, dealing with the issue of fragility requires to consider various decision levels, from the personal one to the State level. Such an approach could allow fragile states to conceive preventive policies that would avoid the surge of a political crisis resulting from the combination of social conflict and individual failure.

The latin american network of women transforming the economy : building bridges between economic justice and gender equity

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing: Review of Ethical, Legal and Social Implications

Article