Social Opportunities and Individual Responsibility: The Capability Approach and the Third Way

The fashionable widespreading of Sen’s ideas coincides with a new mood in the shaping of public policies in affluent societies. In Europe indeed, an “opportunity”-based approach to social security has been implemented through the European Employment Strategy. Public action tends to rely on a procedural concern with individual opportunities or potentialities in the labour market. The underlying ethics is that individuals are then responsible to use these background opportunities in order to lead the kind of life they value most. More broadly, the discourse and practice of the so-called “Third Way” shares with the capability approach an appeal for a procedural and enabling depiction of the role of the State. The paper intends to clarify the relation between procedural and opportunity-based approaches to social justice, among them the capability approach, and these new patterns of public action. Our vision goes in the way of a yet renewed, but deeper action of the welfare state, where social agency is envisaged as the very condition of individual agency. Drawing on the various critics of mainstream equality of opportunity, two opposed approaches to responsibility are identified: on the one hand, responsibility is conceived of as i) a “luck vs. choice” fixed starting point, ii) a backward-looking conception and iii) a highly individualistic framework. On the other hand, responsibility is envisaged as i) an outcome of public policies rather than a starting point, ii) a forward-looking conception, and iii) a combined institutional-individual framework. We situate here Sen’s capability approach, as well as critics of the luck egalitarianism path. The Third Way rhetoric is assessed against both these perspectives. The issue eventually boils down to an ethical reflection on the articulation of responsibilities, and to a pragmatic and substantial concern for the content of what providing security should mean in practice.

Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor?

Microfinance is increasingly seen as a major development tool. Its promise to help the poor by providing financial services is seen as the major reason for its support. Nevertheless, its ability to effectively reduce poverty is not yet clear, and it generates some unresolved ethical questions. These become even more prominent in the process of commercialization. The impact on poverty is usually measured in financial terms. In this paper, poverty is defined in a broader sense to include deficiency in human and social capital. The article shows that, in this broad sense, microfinance may have negative as well as positive effects on poverty.

Concilier long-terme et gouvernance renouvelée: «the new American way for doing business»

Dans un rapport publié au dernier trimestre 2009, le comité sur le gouvernement d’entreprise de l’American Bar Association présente les transformations qui affectent les entreprises américaines depuis quelques années et se montre favorable à une adaptation des principes de bonne gouvernance. A l’instar des prises de position à l’échelon international ou européen, l’American Bar Association propose une redéfinition des responsabilités du conseil d’administration et des actionnaires. Ainsi, si le conseil d’administration se voit renforcer dans son rôle d’organe élu devant inscrire son action dans une démarche de long-terme, les actionnaires sont encouragés à adopter un comportement proactif en donnant à leur droit de vote toute l’importance qu’il mérite. Ce document de l’ABA constitue une précieuse réflexion sur l’avenir du corporate governance, tant la transformation des pouvoirs économiques que constate l’American Bar Association ne se cantonne pas aux frontières états-uniennes.

Comparative Lessons on Corporate law and CSR: Hard Law as Solution? Do the French offer the way ahead?

This paper provides a comparative analysis of corporate law and CSR and asks whether there are lessons for Australia from corporate law and CSR developments in France. This presentation presents a summary of the provisions of the new French Act Number 2010-788 passed on 12 July 2010 – called “Grenelle 2” –. Firstly, article 225 of Law’s Grenelle 2 changes the Commercial Code to extend the reach of non-financial reporting and to ensure its pertinence. Secondly, article 227 Law’s Grenelle 2 amends certain provisions of the Commercial and Environmental Codes and incorporates into substantive law the liability of parent companies for their subsidiaries. In fine, article 224 of Law’s Grenelle 2 reinforces the pressure on the market to act in a responsible manner. It modifies article 214-12 of the Monetary and Financial Code in order to compel institutional investors (mutual funds and fund management companies) to take social, environmental and governance criteria into account in their investment policy.

Something in the way she moves - discrimination sexuelle et politique de différenciation dans l'Union européenne

En dépit et à travers des difficultés et carences comme celles soulevées par les recherches de la Professeure Andrée Lajoie, le Canada est réputé un champion du monde en ce qui concerne l’égalité entre hommes et femmes. L’Europe pourra-t-elle suivre les exemples du Canada ? L’Union européenne n’a pas (ou pas encore) de constitution européenne, bien qu’une charte des droits fondamentaux ait été proclamée et qu’un traité établissant une constitution pour l’Europe ait été proposé, texte apportant des amendements aux traités constitutifs de l’Union. L’Union suivra-t-elle les expériences du Canada concernant la condition des femmes ? Pour voir plus clair, il faut considérer et évaluer le cadre de la réglementation en Europe, son influence sur les politiques variées des États membres, ainsi que les perspectives offertes par l’évolution sociale, tout en prenant en compte aussi les élargissements de l’Union européenne de 2004 et 2007 qui ont admis 12 nouveaux États membres.