Effect of portacaval anastomosis on glutamine synthetase protein and gene expression in brain, liver and skeletal muscle.

The effects of chronic liver insufficiency resulting from end-to-side portacaval anastomosis (PCA) on glutamine synthetase (GS) activities, protein and gene expression were studied in brain, liver and skeletal muscle of male adult rats. Four weeks following PCA, activities of GS in cerebral cortex and cerebellum were reduced by 32\% and 37\% (p<0.05) respectively whereas GS activities in muscle were increased by 52\% (p<0.05). GS activities in liver were decreased by up to 90\% (p<0.01), a finding which undoubtedly reflects the loss of GS-rich perivenous hepatocytes following portal-systemic shunting. Immunoblotting techniques revealed no change in GS protein content of brain regions or muscle but a significant loss in liver of PCA rats. GS mRNA determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR was also significantly decreased in the livers of PCA rats compared to sham-operated controls. These findings demonstrate that PCA results in a loss of GS gene expression in the liver and that brain does not show a compensatory induction of enzyme activity, rendering it particularly sensitive to increases in ammonia in chronic liver failure. The finding of a post-translational increase of GS in muscle following portacaval shunting suggests that, in chronic liver failure, muscle becomes the major organ responsible for the removal of excess blood-borne ammonia.

Direct molecular and spectroscopic evidence for increased ammonia removal capacity of skeletal muscle in acute liver failure.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It has been proposed that, in acute liver failure, skeletal muscle adapts to become the principle organ responsible for removal of blood-borne ammonia by increasing glutamine synthesis, a reaction that is catalyzed by the cytosolic ATP-dependent enzyme glutamine synthetase. To address this issue, glutamine synthetase expression and activities were measured in skeletal muscle of rats with acute liver failure resulting from hepatic devascularization. METHODS: Glutamine synthetase protein and gene expression were investigated using immunoblotting and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Glutamine synthetase activity and glutamine de novo synthesis were measured using, respectively, a standard enzymatic assay and [13C]-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: Glutamine synthetase protein (but not gene) expression and enzyme activities were significantly up-regulated leading to increased de novo synthesis of glutamine and increased skeletal muscle capacity for ammonia removal in acute liver failure. In contrast to skeletal muscle, expression and activities of glutamine synthetase in the brain were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that skeletal muscle adapts, through a rapid induction of glutamine synthetase, to increase its capacity for removal of blood-borne ammonia in acute liver failure. Maintenance of muscle mass together with the development of agents with the capacity to stimulate muscle glutamine synthetase could provide effective ammonia-lowering strategies in this disorder.

Skeletal muscle disuse atrophy : implications on intracellular signaling pathways and mitochondrial permeability transition pore function

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Rôle du tissu adipeux dans l’effet cardioprotecteur du EP 80317, un ligand sélectif du récepteur CD36

Le récepteur CD36 est impliqué dans le transport des acides gras libres non estérifiés (AGNE) au niveau des tissus cardiaque et périphériques. Les dommages tissulaires et la dysfonction cardiaque observés après une ischémie-reperfusion (I/R) du myocarde sont en partie liés à l’internalisation et au métabolisme oxydatif accrus des AGNE dont la concentration sanguine augmente transitoirement après un infarctus du myocarde, contrairement à ce qui est observé chez des souris déficientes en CD36. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse selon laquelle le EP 80317, un ligand synthétique du récepteur CD36, exercerait un effet cardioprotecteur contre les dommages induits par une ischémie transitoire du myocarde. Nos objectifs étaient 1) de vérifier l’effet cardioprotecteur du EP 80317 et 2) de définir son mécanisme, plus précisément de documenter l’effet du traitement sur le métabolisme lipidique. À cette fin, des souris de type sauvage ont été traitées par le EP 80317 (289 nmol/kg) par voie sous-cutanée pendant 14 jours avant d’être soumises à 30 minutes d’ischémie suivant la ligature de l’artère coronaire gauche descendante et de sa reperfusion pendant une période de 6 ou 48 heures. Le cœur et les tissus périphériques (foie, muscle squelettique et dépôts adipeux) ont été prélevés pour déterminer le profil de certains gènes impliqués dans la régulation du métabolisme lipidique. Nos travaux ont montré que l’effet cardioprotecteur d’un traitement préventif par le EP 80317 est associé à une augmentation transitoire du stockage des triglycérides et d’une réduction des AGNE circulants.